{
 "jurisdiction_id": "VE",
 "jurisdiction": "Venezuela",
 "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-11",
 "schema_version": "world-payments-v1",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 14,
  "sourced_findings": 59,
  "source_register": 102
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "W1a",
   "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access",
   "standing_position": "Venezuela's payment system is governed by the Ley del Banco Central de Venezuela and BCV resolutions; the BCV, subject to comprehensive OFAC blocking sanctions since 2019 until General License 57 (14 April 2026), regulates Pago Movil/STI. GL57 restores correspondent-banking and dollar-transfer authorization for the BCV and three state banks for the first time in seven years.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Ley de Instituciones del Sector Bancario / Resoluciones SUDEBAN",
     "source": "https://didit.me/solutions/countries/venezuela/",
     "source_url": "https://didit.me/solutions/countries/venezuela/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "SUDEBAN Resolution No. 001.21 (Gaceta Oficial 42.151)",
     "source": "https://www.globalcompliancenews.com/2021/07/05/venezuela-banking-authority-issues-regulations-for-fintech-services24062021/",
     "source_url": "https://www.globalcompliancenews.com/2021/07/05/venezuela-banking-authority-issues-regulations-for-fintech-services24062021/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Institutional oversight structure",
     "source": "https://www.financialprofessionals.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/pdf/18-06-27-afp-updated-country-report-venezuela.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://sunacrip.gob.ve/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Banking licence application process",
     "source": "https://generisonline.com/understanding-banking-regulations-and-licensing-requirements-in-venezuela/",
     "source_url": "https://www.financialprofessionals.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/pdf/18-06-27-afp-updated-country-report-venezuela.pdf",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Sistema Integral de Criptoactivos",
     "source": "https://sunacrip.gob.ve/",
     "source_url": "https://www.financialprofessionals.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/pdf/18-06-27-afp-updated-country-report-venezuela.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W1b",
   "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions",
   "standing_position": "Conduct and safeguarding obligations sit mainly in SUDEBAN's fintech resolution (performance bonds, risk-management controls) and a dedicated banking-complaints reconsideration body (Defensoría del Cliente y Usuario Bancario). Broader price/consumer-fairness obligations are layered on via SUNDDE's Ley Orgánica de Precios Justos.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "SUDEBAN Resolution No. 001.21",
     "source": "https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f421efff-cb7f-49db-80e4-7c444886c29c",
     "source_url": "https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f421efff-cb7f-49db-80e4-7c444886c29c",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "SUDEBAN Resolution 063.15 (Gaceta Oficial 40.809)",
     "source": "https://www.bancodevenezuela.com/index.html@p=5201.html",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancodevenezuela.com/index.html@p=5201.html",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "SUDEBAN Resolution No. 001.21",
     "source": "https://www.globalcompliancenews.com/2021/07/05/venezuela-banking-authority-issues-regulations-for-fintech-services24062021/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancodevenezuela.com/index.html@p=5201.html",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Ley Orgánica de Precios Justos (LOPJ)",
     "source": "https://www.sundde.gob.ve/?p=36023",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancodevenezuela.com/index.html@p=5201.html",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W2",
   "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money",
   "standing_position": "Venezuela's state-led digital-currency experiment (the oil-backed Petro) formally ended in January 2024. SUNACRIP continues to license VASPs and crypto-mining activity, while the market has organically shifted toward USD-pegged stablecoins (USDT/USDC) as an inflation hedge and remittance/payment rail, a shift attracting AML/sanctions-evasion scrutiny.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Sistema Integral de Criptoactivos",
     "source": "https://sunacrip.gob.ve/",
     "source_url": "https://legalclarity.org/how-venezuelan-banks-operate-under-sanctions-and-hyperinflation/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Providencia SUNACRIP N°098 (Gaceta Oficial 41.788, 2019)",
     "source": "https://es.beincrypto.com/aprende/impuestos-bitcoin-criptomonedas-venezuela-como-declarar/",
     "source_url": "https://transparenciave.org/las-criptomonedas-la-nueva-forma-de-lavado-y-corrupcion-de-venezuela-para-el-mundo/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Petro sovereign cryptocurrency (wind-down)",
     "source": "https://legalclarity.org/how-venezuelan-banks-operate-under-sanctions-and-hyperinflation/",
     "source_url": "https://es.beincrypto.com/banco-venezuela-sera-eje-central-petro-tambien-criptomonedas-divisas/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Post-Petro stablecoin channel",
     "source": "https://transparenciave.org/las-criptomonedas-la-nueva-forma-de-lavado-y-corrupcion-de-venezuela-para-el-mundo/",
     "source_url": "https://es.beincrypto.com/banco-venezuela-sera-eje-central-petro-tambien-criptomonedas-divisas/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Gaceta Oficial N° 41.969 (Bitcoin mining licensing)",
     "source": "https://es.beincrypto.com/banco-venezuela-sera-eje-central-petro-tambien-criptomonedas-divisas/",
     "source_url": "https://es.beincrypto.com/banco-venezuela-sera-eje-central-petro-tambien-criptomonedas-divisas/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Stablecoin remittance usage",
     "source": "https://legalclarity.org/how-venezuelan-banks-operate-under-sanctions-and-hyperinflation/",
     "source_url": "https://es.beincrypto.com/banco-venezuela-sera-eje-central-petro-tambien-criptomonedas-divisas/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W3",
   "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure",
   "confidence": "Possible",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure",
   "standing_position": "No standalone operational-resilience/critical-third-party framework equivalent to DORA or FCA/PRA op-res rules was located for Venezuela. Resilience obligations appear embedded piecemeal within SUDEBAN's general banking-supervision and AML circulars, and within BCV's own RTGS/STI payment-system infrastructure rather than as a codified incident-reporting regime.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "BCV RTGS / STI payment infrastructure",
     "source": "https://www.financialprofessionals.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/pdf/18-06-27-afp-updated-country-report-venezuela.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.financialprofessionals.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/pdf/18-06-27-afp-updated-country-report-venezuela.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Operational risk / cyber-fraud prevention guidance",
     "source": "https://odremanyasociados.com/blog/seguridad-bancaria-en-venezuela/",
     "source_url": "https://odremanyasociados.com/blog/seguridad-bancaria-en-venezuela/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W4",
   "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w4-scheme-network-compliance",
   "standing_position": "Card payments run on bank-issued Visa/Mastercard rails, with the BCV directly regulating the maximum commissions/interchange-adjacent fees banks and non-bank POS providers may charge, most recently via the October 2025 Gaceta Oficial tariff notice. No independent Venezuelan PCI DSS enforcement body was identified.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "BCV Aviso Oficial (Gaceta Oficial N° 43.231, 9 Oct 2025)",
     "source": "https://correodelcaroni.com/laboral-economia/bcv-publica-en-gaceta-oficial-nuevas-tarifas-y-comisiones-para-sistema-bancario/",
     "source_url": "https://correodelcaroni.com/laboral-economia/bcv-publica-en-gaceta-oficial-nuevas-tarifas-y-comisiones-para-sistema-bancario/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "BCV Aviso Oficial (Gaceta Oficial N° 43.231)",
     "source": "https://www.bancaynegocios.com/conozca-los-nuevos-limites-maximos-de-las-comisiones-bancarias-ver-detalles-gaceta-oficial/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancaynegocios.com/conozca-los-nuevos-limites-maximos-de-las-comisiones-bancarias-ver-detalles-gaceta-oficial/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "BCV comparative card-fee study (April 2025)",
     "source": "https://www.bcv.org.ve/system/files/documentos_juridicos/estudio_comparativo_febrero_2025.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancaynegocios.com/conozca-los-nuevos-limites-maximos-de-las-comisiones-bancarias-ver-detalles-gaceta-oficial/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Virtual international card product",
     "source": "https://lanacionweb.com/nacional/banco-de-venezuela-habilita-tarjeta-para-consumos-en-divisas/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancaynegocios.com/conozca-los-nuevos-limites-maximos-de-las-comisiones-bancarias-ver-detalles-gaceta-oficial/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W5",
   "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "With Venezuelan banks effectively excluded from ordinary SWIFT/correspondent access due to sanctions, the dominant cross-border corridor is informal: US-based Zelle transfers, cash-dollar inflows, and increasingly USDT stablecoin remittances. OFAC maintains a set of General Licences carving out personal-remittance and humanitarian channels.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Informal remittance corridor (Zelle)",
     "source": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2833115X.2025.2609191",
     "source_url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2833115X.2025.2609191",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "OFAC General License 16B",
     "source": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs/topic/1581",
     "source_url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs/topic/1581",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Stablecoin remittance corridor",
     "source": "https://legalclarity.org/how-venezuelan-banks-operate-under-sanctions-and-hyperinflation/",
     "source_url": "https://www.valoraanalitik.com/venezolanos-fintech-pagos-empresariales/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "SWIFT exclusion / card workaround corridor",
     "source": "https://elestimulo.com/elinteres/de-interes/2025-12-27/tarjetas-internacionales-venezuela/",
     "source_url": "https://www.valoraanalitik.com/venezolanos-fintech-pagos-empresariales/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Colombia-Venezuela corporate corridor",
     "source": "https://www.valoraanalitik.com/venezolanos-fintech-pagos-empresariales/",
     "source_url": "https://www.valoraanalitik.com/venezolanos-fintech-pagos-empresariales/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W6",
   "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Venezuela's banking sector remains dominated by domestic state-controlled and privately-owned banks with minimal international retail presence, shaped by the 2018 Banesco intervention. A small but growing fintech sector (~73 startups) is emerging around payments, BNPL and delivery/mobility, drawing renewed venture interest since early-2026 political changes.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Market structure",
     "source": "https://www.expatfocus.com/venezuela/guide/venezuela-banking",
     "source_url": "https://tracxn.com/d/explore/fintech-startups-in-venezuela/__I1YSbgynO7BiDN2aQwUujFZ00OUtLosMsI0gQA8BtFE",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "State intervention precedent",
     "source": "https://www.financialprofessionals.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/pdf/18-06-27-afp-updated-country-report-venezuela.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.financialprofessionals.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/pdf/18-06-27-afp-updated-country-report-venezuela.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Fintech market composition",
     "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/explore/fintech-startups-in-venezuela/__I1YSbgynO7BiDN2aQwUujFZ00OUtLosMsI0gQA8BtFE",
     "source_url": "https://www.financialprofessionals.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/pdf/18-06-27-afp-updated-country-report-venezuela.pdf",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Post-2026 market repositioning",
     "source": "https://ecosistemastartup.com/venezuela-2026-startups-y-oportunidades-de-inversion-para-founders/",
     "source_url": "https://www.financialprofessionals.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/pdf/18-06-27-afp-updated-country-report-venezuela.pdf",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W7",
   "name": "Legal & Litigation",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w7-legal-litigation",
   "standing_position": "Two landmark payments-adjacent legal episodes anchor the litigation picture: the 2018 state seizure of Banesco, and the PDVSA-Cripto corruption trial that formally opened in April 2026 implicating the former SUNACRIP superintendent and dozens of officials over crypto-routed oil-payment diversion. FATF/CFATF's ongoing increased-monitoring review functions as a parallel quasi-enforcement track.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "State intervention / executive arrests",
     "source": "https://www.financialprofessionals.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/pdf/18-06-27-afp-updated-country-report-venezuela.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://es.beincrypto.com/que-es-trama-pdvsa-cripto-impacto-venezuela/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "PDVSA-Cripto corruption trial",
     "source": "https://es.beincrypto.com/que-es-trama-pdvsa-cripto-impacto-venezuela/",
     "source_url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/increased-monitoring-june-2026.html",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Regulatory fallout / audits",
     "source": "https://es.beincrypto.com/que-es-trama-pdvsa-cripto-impacto-venezuela/",
     "source_url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/increased-monitoring-june-2026.html",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "FATF increased-monitoring review",
     "source": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/increased-monitoring-june-2026.html",
     "source_url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/increased-monitoring-june-2026.html",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W8",
   "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk",
   "standing_position": "Merchant acquiring runs through bank-partnered gateways (e.g., InstaPago via Banesco) processing Visa/Mastercard in bolívares, with BCV directly capping non-bank POS-terminal fees. Small-merchant commentary points to high effective card-acceptance costs relative to thin retail margins; no dedicated Venezuelan PCI DSS enforcement or chargeback-framework instrument was located.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Acquiring gateway",
     "source": "https://sistemas4s.com/fintechs-estables-seguras-venezuela-2026/",
     "source_url": "https://sistemas4s.com/fintechs-estables-seguras-venezuela-2026/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "BCV POS-terminal fee cap",
     "source": "https://www.bancaynegocios.com/conozca-los-nuevos-limites-maximos-de-las-comisiones-bancarias-ver-detalles-gaceta-oficial/",
     "source_url": "https://www.threads.com/@lucianofinanzas/post/DO0pE41Dlwg/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Merchant cost commentary",
     "source": "https://www.threads.com/@lucianofinanzas/post/DO0pE41Dlwg/",
     "source_url": "https://www.threads.com/@lucianofinanzas/post/DO0pE41Dlwg/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W9",
   "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w9-product-innovation-market-development",
   "standing_position": "USDT (predominantly Tron) remains the de facto dollar-settlement rail via Binance P2P; on 15 April 2026 Binance added Banco de Venezuela, Banco del Tesoro, and Banco Digital de los Trabajadores as payment methods, immediately after OFAC's BCV sanctions relief, while SUNACRIP remains paralyzed since March 2023.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "VEX exchange / PetroApp",
     "source": "https://www.mppef.gob.ve/portal-de-la-sunacrip-se-convierte-en-bastion-tecnologico-de-la-economia-digital-en-venezuela/",
     "source_url": "https://www.mppef.gob.ve/portal-de-la-sunacrip-se-convierte-en-bastion-tecnologico-de-la-economia-digital-en-venezuela/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "PetroPago merchant gateway",
     "source": "http://www.oncop.gob.ve/site/vistas/principal/noticias.php?noticia=NDYy&pagina=107",
     "source_url": "https://lanacionweb.com/nacional/banco-de-venezuela-habilita-tarjeta-para-consumos-en-divisas/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "BNPL / consumer fintech scaling",
     "source": "https://ecosistemastartup.com/venezuela-2026-startups-y-oportunidades-de-inversion-para-founders/",
     "source_url": "https://ecosistemastartup.com/venezuela-2026-startups-y-oportunidades-de-inversion-para-founders/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Virtual international card launch",
     "source": "https://lanacionweb.com/nacional/banco-de-venezuela-habilita-tarjeta-para-consumos-en-divisas/",
     "source_url": "https://ecosistemastartup.com/venezuela-2026-startups-y-oportunidades-de-inversion-para-founders/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Investor/product showcase event",
     "source": "https://forbes.co/emprendedores/nace-en-venezuela-la-primera-tech-week-buscando-abrir-la-puerta-al-capital-internacional",
     "source_url": "https://ecosistemastartup.com/venezuela-2026-startups-y-oportunidades-de-inversion-para-founders/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W10",
   "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud",
   "standing_position": "Consumer protection rests on the 2004 Ley de Protección al Consumidor y al Usuario and SUNDDE's Ley Orgánica de Precios Justos, with a bank-specific redress layer via SUDEBAN's Defensoría del Cliente y Usuario Bancario. No statutory mandatory APP-fraud reimbursement regime equivalent to the UK PSR model was identified.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Ley de Protección al Consumidor y al Usuario (2004)",
     "source": "https://venezuela.justia.com/federales/leyes/ley-de-proteccion-al-consumidor-y-al-usuario/gdoc/",
     "source_url": "https://venezuela.justia.com/federales/leyes/ley-de-proteccion-al-consumidor-y-al-usuario/gdoc/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Ley Orgánica de Precios Justos (LOPJ)",
     "source": "https://www.sundde.gob.ve/?p=36023",
     "source_url": "https://venezuela.justia.com/federales/leyes/ley-de-proteccion-al-consumidor-y-al-usuario/gdoc/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "SUDEBAN Resolution 063.15 (Gaceta Oficial 40.809)",
     "source": "https://www.bancodevenezuela.com/index.html@p=5201.html",
     "source_url": "https://venezuela.justia.com/federales/leyes/ley-de-proteccion-al-consumidor-y-al-usuario/gdoc/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W11",
   "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime",
   "standing_position": "Sentinel.gi position: Venezuela remains on the FATF grey list (Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring) as of the June 2026 plenary, having made a high-level political commitment with FATF/CFATF in June 2024. It is not on the FATF blacklist (Iran, North Korea, Myanmar only), but its listed action-plan deficiencies continue to drive enhanced due diligence by correspondent banks globally.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "FATF Increased Monitoring statement",
     "source": "sentinel.https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/increased-monitoring-june-2026.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "FATF action-plan deficiencies",
     "source": "sentinel.https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/increased-monitoring-february-2026.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CFATF Mutual Evaluation",
     "source": "sentinel.https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/countries/detail/Venezuela.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Grey-list vs black-list distinction",
     "source": "sentinel.https://sanctionslawyers.net/blog-en/fatf-grey-list-countries-2026/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W12",
   "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access",
   "standing_position": "Venezuela has experienced one of the most severe correspondent-banking collapses globally, losing over 80% of its correspondent banking relationships by 2022 amid OFAC sanctions on the BCV, PDVSA and government-linked entities, forcing costlier 'nested' banking arrangements. OFAC maintains targeted General Licences carving out specific humanitarian, remittance and institutional channels.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Correspondent-bank relationship (CBR) attrition",
     "source": "https://cepr.net/publications/producing-scarcity-sanctions-on-the-venezuelan-central-bank/",
     "source_url": "https://cepr.net/publications/producing-scarcity-sanctions-on-the-venezuelan-central-bank/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "OFAC EO 13884 blocking rule",
     "source": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs/topic/1581",
     "source_url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs/topic/1581",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "IMF nested-correspondent finding",
     "source": "https://cepr.net/publications/producing-scarcity-sanctions-on-the-venezuelan-central-bank/",
     "source_url": "https://www.fticonsulting.com/insights/articles/lifeblood-recovery-venezuela-global-financial-system",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "OFAC General Licences (16B, 20A, 24, 25, 31B)",
     "source": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs/topic/1581",
     "source_url": "https://www.fticonsulting.com/insights/articles/lifeblood-recovery-venezuela-global-financial-system",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Correspondent-relationship reactivation signal",
     "source": "https://www.fticonsulting.com/insights/articles/lifeblood-recovery-venezuela-global-financial-system",
     "source_url": "https://www.fticonsulting.com/insights/articles/lifeblood-recovery-venezuela-global-financial-system",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W13",
   "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/venezuela/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech",
   "standing_position": "Trailing-12-month commercial activity centres on renewed fintech investor interest following January 2026 political changes: a modest funding base (~$8.22M cumulative across 6 funded startups), targeted cross-border expansion (Qash), a new investor-facing convening (Venezuela Tech Week), and a landmark crypto-linked corruption trial with market-structure implications for SUNACRIP-regulated entities.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: funding aggregate",
     "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/explore/fintech-startups-in-venezuela/__I1YSbgynO7BiDN2aQwUujFZ00OUtLosMsI0gQA8BtFE/companies",
     "source_url": "https://tracxn.com/d/explore/fintech-startups-in-venezuela/__I1YSbgynO7BiDN2aQwUujFZ00OUtLosMsI0gQA8BtFE/companies",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: market entry",
     "source": "https://www.valoraanalitik.com/venezolanos-fintech-pagos-empresariales/",
     "source_url": "https://lanacionweb.com/nacional/banco-de-venezuela-habilita-tarjeta-para-consumos-en-divisas/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: investor convening",
     "source": "https://forbes.co/emprendedores/nace-en-venezuela-la-primera-tech-week-buscando-abrir-la-puerta-al-capital-internacional",
     "source_url": "https://www.valoraanalitik.com/venezolanos-fintech-pagos-empresariales/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: enforcement/market-structure impact",
     "source": "https://es.beincrypto.com/que-es-trama-pdvsa-cripto-impacto-venezuela/",
     "source_url": "https://forbes.co/emprendedores/nace-en-venezuela-la-primera-tech-week-buscando-abrir-la-puerta-al-capital-internacional",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: product launch",
     "source": "https://lanacionweb.com/nacional/banco-de-venezuela-habilita-tarjeta-para-consumos-en-divisas/",
     "source_url": "https://forbes.co/emprendedores/nace-en-venezuela-la-primera-tech-week-buscando-abrir-la-puerta-al-capital-internacional",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}