{
 "jurisdiction_id": "US-OH",
 "jurisdiction": "United States – Ohio",
 "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-11",
 "schema_version": "world-payments-v1",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 14,
  "sourced_findings": 61,
  "source_register": 133
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "W1a",
   "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access",
   "standing_position": "Ohio regulates money transmission under the state Money Transmitters Act (ORC Chapter 1315), administered by the Division of Financial Institutions (DFI) via NMLS. Licensure is required of any person receiving money for transmission from a person located in Ohio regardless of the licensee's own location, subject to bank/credit-union and other statutory exemptions. Minimum net worth of $500,000 and a security device (surety bond) of $300,000-$2,000,000 are standing capital/security requirements. HB 116 (Ohio Blockchain Basics Act) is in the General Assembly review stage and would exempt pure crypto mining/staking/exchange activity from MTL requirement.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "MTL (state money transmitter licence, ORC Chapter 1315)",
     "source": "https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/financial-institutions/money-transmitters/money-transmitters",
     "source_url": "https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/financial-institutions/money-transmitters/money-transmitters",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ORC Chapter 1315 - Transmitters of Money",
     "source": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/chapter-1315",
     "source_url": "http://archives.legislature.state.oh.us/analysis.cfm?ID=126_HB_454&ACT=As Reported by Senate Committee&hf=analyses126/06-hb454-126.htm",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Security device / bonding requirement (ORC 1315.07)",
     "source": "https://www.bondexchange.com/ohio-money-transmitter-bond-a-comprehensive-guide/",
     "source_url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/136/hb116",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Legislative analysis of ORC 1315 net-worth/organisation requirements",
     "source": "http://archives.legislature.state.oh.us/analysis.cfm?ID=126_HB_454",
     "source_url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/136/hb116",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "HB 116 - Ohio Blockchain Basics Act (pending)",
     "source": "https://cryptoslate.com/ohio-passes-blockchain-bill-allowing-200-tax-free-bitcoin-payments/",
     "source_url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/136/hb116",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "HB 116 status",
     "source": "https://www.chaincatcher.com/en/article/2169351",
     "source_url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/136/hb116",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "MTL application documentation requirements",
     "source": "https://moneytransmitterlaw.com/state-laws/ohio/",
     "source_url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/136/hb116",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W1b",
   "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions",
   "standing_position": "Safeguarding of customer funds under the Ohio MTL regime rests on the permissible-investments/trust mechanism (ORC 1315.06) plus the security device (ORC 1315.07), with continuing licensee duties under ORC 1315.05. The Superintendent holds graduated enforcement powers (cease-and-desist, suspension/revocation, civil penalties) used against unlicensed or non-compliant conduct, as demonstrated by the 2022-23 Bitcoin of America consent order.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ORC 1315.06 - Minimum amount of permissible investments (safeguarding mechanism)",
     "source": "http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/1315.06v1",
     "source_url": "http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/1315.06v1",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ORC 1315.15 - Cease and desist enforcement",
     "source": "https://codes.ohio.gov/orc/1315.15",
     "source_url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/fiin_Enf2023_SandP%20Solutions%20dba%20Bitcoin%20of%20America.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Superintendent's conservatorship-style powers on cessation of business",
     "source": "http://archives.legislature.state.oh.us/analysis.cfm?ID=126_HB_454",
     "source_url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/fiin_Enf2023_SandP%20Solutions%20dba%20Bitcoin%20of%20America.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "DFI consent order (conduct enforcement)",
     "source": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/fiin_Enf2023_SandP%20Solutions%20dba%20Bitcoin%20of%20America.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/fiin_Enf2023_SandP%20Solutions%20dba%20Bitcoin%20of%20America.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ORC 1315.05 - Continuing duties of licensees",
     "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/ohio/2016/title-13/chapter-1315/",
     "source_url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/fiin_Enf2023_SandP%20Solutions%20dba%20Bitcoin%20of%20America.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W2",
   "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money",
   "standing_position": "Ohio has no bespoke stablecoin-issuer licensing regime; digital assets are addressed indirectly through money-transmitter interpretive guidance and a cluster of pending legislation (HB 116 Blockchain Basics Act; SB 57/HB 18 Bitcoin Reserve bills) that would carve out mining/staking/exchange activity from MTL scope and create a state Bitcoin reserve, alongside an operational state-payments initiative allowing Bitcoin for tax and fee payments via a third-party processor.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "SB 57 / Ohio Bitcoin Reserve Fund (Legislative Service Commission analysis)",
     "source": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/download?key=24536",
     "source_url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/136/sb57",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "HB 116 - Blockchain Basics Act",
     "source": "https://cointelegraph.com/news/ohio-bill-tax-free-crypto-payments-passses-house",
     "source_url": "https://coincentral.com/ohio-approves-bitcoin-payments-for-state-servicesohio/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "State Board of Deposit crypto-payment vendor program",
     "source": "https://coincentral.com/ohio-approves-bitcoin-payments-for-state-servicesohio/",
     "source_url": "https://moneytransmitterlaw.com/cryptocurrency-state-laws/ohio/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Interpretive treatment of virtual currency under ORC 1315",
     "source": "https://moneytransmitterlaw.com/cryptocurrency-state-laws/ohio/",
     "source_url": "https://moneytransmitterlaw.com/cryptocurrency-state-laws/ohio/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "DFI enforcement against unlicensed crypto ATM operator",
     "source": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/fiin_Enf2023_SandP%20Solutions%20dba%20Bitcoin%20of%20America.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://moneytransmitterlaw.com/cryptocurrency-state-laws/ohio/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W3",
   "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure",
   "standing_position": "Ohio has no bespoke state operational-resilience statute for payments; resilience obligations for MTL licensees flow through ORC 1315.081 (mandatory written reporting of specified events within 15 business days) and DFI examination powers, layered on top of the federal FFIEC/prudential-regulator operational-resilience framework applicable to bank-charter payment providers headquartered in Ohio.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ORC 1315.081 - Written report of specified events",
     "source": "https://law.onecle.com/ohio/title-13/chapter-1315/index.html",
     "source_url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/chapter-1315",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ORC 1315.12 - Examination powers",
     "source": "https://law.onecle.com/ohio/title-13/chapter-1315/index.html",
     "source_url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/chapter-1315",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "DFI guidance on security-device calculation",
     "source": "https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/financial-institutions/money-transmitters/money-transmitters",
     "source_url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/chapter-1315",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W4",
   "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w4-scheme-network-compliance",
   "standing_position": "Ohio imposes no state-level interchange or scheme-technical-standard regulation; card-network (Visa/Mastercard) surcharge caps and PCI DSS obligations apply to Ohio merchants as private scheme rules layered over a permissive state surcharging/convenience-fee framework, with debit-card surcharging separately barred nationwide by the federal Durbin Amendment.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Card-network surcharge rules layered on state law",
     "source": "https://www.getnickel.com/surcharge-laws/ohio",
     "source_url": "https://merchantcostconsulting.com/lower-credit-card-processing-fees/ohio-surcharge-laws/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Visa/Mastercard scheme surcharge cap vs. federal ceiling",
     "source": "https://merchantcostconsulting.com/lower-credit-card-processing-fees/ohio-surcharge-laws/",
     "source_url": "https://www.wkyc.com/article/life/legally-speaking/surcharge-fees-convenience-fees-debit-card-credit-card-transactions-federal-law-ohio-law-legally-speaking/95-fcb0c6e1-ae31-4b19-8563-fca41aca029a",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Scheme disclosure/itemisation requirements",
     "source": "https://www.getflexpoint.com/credit-card-surcharging-us-states/ohio",
     "source_url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-113.40",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Durbin Amendment federal debit-surcharge prohibition",
     "source": "https://www.wkyc.com/article/life/legally-speaking/surcharge-fees-convenience-fees-debit-card-credit-card-transactions-federal-law-ohio-law-legally-speaking/95-fcb0c6e1-ae31-4b19-8563-fca41aca029a",
     "source_url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-113.40",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ORC 113.40 - State entity financial transaction device surcharge notice",
     "source": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-113.40",
     "source_url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-113.40",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W5",
   "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Ohio is not a border/remittance-corridor jurisdiction in the traditional sense, but hosts the global corporate headquarters of Worldpay (now part of Global Payments), giving the state an outsized structural role in cross-border card-acquiring corridors spanning ~146 countries and 135 currencies, reinforced by direct international air connectivity (CVG-London) cited as a locational driver.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Cross-border acquiring corridor scale (Worldpay HQ)",
     "source": "https://www.jobsohio.com/newsroom/news-press/governor-dewine-lt-governor-husted-announce-worldpay-locating-corporate-headquarters-in-cincinnati",
     "source_url": "https://www.jobsohio.com/newsroom/news-press/governor-dewine-lt-governor-husted-announce-worldpay-locating-corporate-headquarters-in-cincinnati",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Air-corridor connectivity supporting cross-border operations",
     "source": "https://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/hamilton-county/cincinnati/worldpay-one-of-the-largest-payment-processors-in-the-world-making-cincinnati-its-global-headquarters",
     "source_url": "https://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/hamilton-county/cincinnati/worldpay-one-of-the-largest-payment-processors-in-the-world-making-cincinnati-its-global-headquarters",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Scheme partnership extending corridor reach",
     "source": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/worldpay-llc/346258911",
     "source_url": "https://www.clevelandfed.org/collections/speeches/2023/sp-20230712-update-on-the-federal-reserves-instant-payments-service",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland - interbank settlement corridor",
     "source": "https://www.clevelandfed.org/collections/speeches/2023/sp-20230712-update-on-the-federal-reserves-instant-payments-service",
     "source_url": "https://www.clevelandfed.org/collections/speeches/2023/sp-20230712-update-on-the-federal-reserves-instant-payments-service",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W6",
   "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Ohio hosts the fifth-largest state financial-services sector in the US, anchored by Fortune 500 banks (Huntington, Fifth Third, KeyBank) and insurers (Nationwide, Progressive), a major JPMorgan Chase technology/operations presence, and - since the Worldpay HQ relocation and its January 2026 acquisition by Global Payments - one of the largest global non-bank merchant acquirers. Columbus/Cincinnati/Cleveland ('the three C's') form a growing fintech-venture cluster led by Drive Capital.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "State financial-services sector ranking",
     "source": "https://fintech.cioreview.com/cxoinsight/banking-on-ohio-as-a-fintech-leader-nid-28630-cid-189.html",
     "source_url": "https://fintech.cioreview.com/cxoinsight/banking-on-ohio-as-a-fintech-leader-nid-28630-cid-189.html",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Industry-structure history: Fifth Third-origin acquirer lineage",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldpay,_Inc.",
     "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1123360/000110465926002705/tm262856d1_8k.htm",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "VC/fintech cluster structure",
     "source": "https://columbusregion.com/content-hub-article/the-columbus-finance-hub-the-columbus-region/",
     "source_url": "https://columbusregion.com/content-hub-article/the-columbus-finance-hub-the-columbus-region/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Fintech ecosystem entrants and structural shift",
     "source": "https://www.ohiotechnews.com/how-ohio-is-winning-in-fintech-2024/",
     "source_url": "https://columbusregion.com/content-hub-article/the-columbus-finance-hub-the-columbus-region/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W7",
   "name": "Legal & Litigation",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w7-legal-litigation",
   "standing_position": "Ohio's principal payments-adjacent legal enforcement instrument is the DFI's administrative enforcement toolkit (ORC 1315.15/.151/.152/.153) rather than court litigation; the clearest applied example is the 2022-23 consent order against an unlicensed cryptocurrency-kiosk operator. Consumer-facing UDAP litigation authority sits with the Ohio Attorney General's Consumer Protection Section under ORC 1345.02.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "DFI Notice of Charges / Settlement and Consent Order",
     "source": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/fiin_Enf2023_SandP%20Solutions%20dba%20Bitcoin%20of%20America.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/orc/1315.15",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ORC 1315.15/.17 - Administrative hearing and judicial review",
     "source": "https://codes.ohio.gov/orc/1315.15",
     "source_url": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/consumerlaws",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ORC 1345.02 UDAP enforcement authority",
     "source": "https://www.kohlcook.com/how-does-the-state-attorney-general-aid-in-consumer-protection-laws/",
     "source_url": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/consumerlaws",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "AG enforcement portfolio",
     "source": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/consumerlaws",
     "source_url": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/consumerlaws",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W8",
   "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk",
   "standing_position": "Ohio hosts one of the world's largest non-bank merchant acquirers (Worldpay, now part of Global Payments) headquartered in Cincinnati, while the state's own merchant-facing legal framework is permissive: credit-card surcharging is broadly allowed with minimal state-specific disclosure mandates, layered under card-network compliance requirements, and debit surcharging remains federally prohibited.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Merchant-acquiring scale (Worldpay)",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldpay,_Inc.",
     "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldpay,_Inc.",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Merchant surcharge/cash-discount treatment",
     "source": "https://merchantcostconsulting.com/lower-credit-card-processing-fees/ohio-surcharge-laws/",
     "source_url": "https://merchantcostconsulting.com/lower-credit-card-processing-fees/ohio-surcharge-laws/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Card-network transaction-fee notification obligations",
     "source": "https://www.walterhav.com/transaction-fees-service-fees-and-the-ftcs-proposed-ban-on-junk-fees/",
     "source_url": "https://merchantcostconsulting.com/lower-credit-card-processing-fees/ohio-surcharge-laws/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Acquirer merchant-risk operating scale (historical SEC filing)",
     "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000035527/000119312504186328/dex991.htm",
     "source_url": "https://merchantcostconsulting.com/lower-credit-card-processing-fees/ohio-surcharge-laws/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W9",
   "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w9-product-innovation-market-development",
   "standing_position": "Ohio product innovation activity centres on state-government crypto-payment acceptance (Bitcoin for taxes/fees via a state-selected processor), pending Blockchain Basics/Bitcoin Reserve legislation, and participation of Ohio-based/chartered institutions in the Federal Reserve's national FedNow instant-payments infrastructure, alongside Worldpay's product build-out (tap-to-pay, Solana-based platform) from its Ohio HQ.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "State crypto-payments-for-services initiative",
     "source": "https://coincentral.com/ohio-approves-bitcoin-payments-for-state-servicesohio/",
     "source_url": "https://coincentral.com/ohio-approves-bitcoin-payments-for-state-servicesohio/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "FedNow national instant-payments infrastructure",
     "source": "https://www.frbservices.org/news/fed360/issues/071625/fednow-service-two-years-growth-innovation",
     "source_url": "https://www.frbservices.org/news/fed360/issues/071625/fednow-service-two-years-growth-innovation",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Product innovation at Ohio-HQ'd processor",
     "source": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/worldpay-llc/346258911",
     "source_url": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/worldpay-llc/346258911",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Contactless/wallet product launch",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldpay,_Inc.",
     "source_url": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/worldpay-llc/346258911",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W10",
   "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud",
   "standing_position": "Consumer payments protection in Ohio rests on the general UDAP statute (ORC 1345.02) enforced by the Attorney General's Consumer Protection Section, plus fee-disclosure rules for government financial-transaction-device payments (ORC 113.40). The AG's office actively issues investment/cryptocurrency scam warnings, an APP-fraud-adjacent consumer-protection function, though Ohio has no dedicated APP-fraud reimbursement mandate comparable to the UK's.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ORC 1345.02 - UDAP",
     "source": "https://www.kohlcook.com/how-does-the-state-attorney-general-aid-in-consumer-protection-laws/",
     "source_url": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/consumerlaws",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "AG scam-warning / consumer-advocate function",
     "source": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/consumeradvocate",
     "source_url": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/consumeradvocate",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ORC 113.40 - Payment-device fee disclosure",
     "source": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-113.40",
     "source_url": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/consumeradvocate",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Consumer Protection Section structure",
     "source": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/about-ag/service-divisions/consumer-protection",
     "source_url": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/consumeradvocate",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W11",
   "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime",
   "standing_position": "sentinel.Ohio money transmitter licensees operate under the federal BSA/AML framework administered by FinCEN (MSB registration, SAR filing, written AML/BSA/OFAC/PATRIOT Act policy required as part of MTL applications), overlaid on Ohio DFI licensing. FinCEN's April 2026 proposed rule would reform AML/CFT program requirements toward an effectiveness-based, risk-focused model, directly shaping the federal posture Ohio-licensed and federally chartered institutions must follow.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "sentinel.BSA/FinCEN MSB registration and AML program mandate",
     "source": "https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/money-services-business-msb-information-center",
     "source_url": "https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/money-services-business-msb-information-center",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "sentinel.FinCEN AML/CFT Proposed Rule (April 2026)",
     "source": "https://www.gibsondunn.com/fincen-proposes-rule-to-fundamentally-reform-financial-institution-programs-designed-to-fight-illicit-finance/",
     "source_url": "https://www.gibsondunn.com/fincen-proposes-rule-to-fundamentally-reform-financial-institution-programs-designed-to-fight-illicit-finance/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "sentinel.AML/CFT reform - effectiveness over check-the-box",
     "source": "https://www.consumerfinancemonitor.com/2026/04/14/fincens-proposed-rule-to-reform-financial-institution-aml-cft/",
     "source_url": "https://www.gibsondunn.com/fincen-proposes-rule-to-fundamentally-reform-financial-institution-programs-designed-to-fight-illicit-finance/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "sentinel.State-level AML documentation requirement at licensing",
     "source": "https://moneytransmitterlaw.com/state-laws/ohio/",
     "source_url": "https://www.gibsondunn.com/fincen-proposes-rule-to-fundamentally-reform-financial-institution-programs-designed-to-fight-illicit-finance/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W12",
   "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access",
   "standing_position": "Ohio depository institutions access national settlement infrastructure through the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland (Fourth District), including Fedwire, FedACH, and FedNow, while the DFI participates in the Multistate Money Services Businesses Licensing Agreement Program to streamline multi-state correspondent/agency relationships for licensed money transmitters.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland settlement access",
     "source": "https://www.clevelandfed.org/collections/speeches/2023/sp-20230712-update-on-the-federal-reserves-instant-payments-service",
     "source_url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/fednow_about.htm",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "FedNow/Fedwire settlement account access criteria",
     "source": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/fednow_about.htm",
     "source_url": "https://jetsurety.com/ohio/money-transmitter-bond",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Multistate MSB licensing coordination",
     "source": "https://jetsurety.com/ohio/money-transmitter-bond",
     "source_url": "https://jetsurety.com/ohio/money-transmitter-bond",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "FedNow settlement-agent/liquidity-provider structure",
     "source": "https://www.frbservices.org/financial-services/fednow/organizations",
     "source_url": "https://jetsurety.com/ohio/money-transmitter-bond",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W13",
   "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-ohio/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech",
   "standing_position": "The dominant Ohio commercial-intelligence event in the trailing 12 months is Global Payments' completed $24.25 billion acquisition of Cincinnati-headquartered Worldpay from GTCR/FIS in January 2026, alongside continued Ohio venture-funding momentum in fintech/insurtech centred on Columbus.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: M&A",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldpay,_Inc.",
     "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1123360/000110465926002705/tm262856d1_8k.htm",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: M&A (local impact)",
     "source": "https://local12.com/news/local/cincinnati-large-company-acquired-24-billion-dollars-worldpay-acquisition-global-payments-symmes-township-fidelity-national-information-services",
     "source_url": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/worldpay-llc/346258911",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: investment (state venture ecosystem)",
     "source": "https://news.crunchbase.com/startups/ohio-venture-funding-startups-ai-supergiant/",
     "source_url": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/worldpay-llc/346258911",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: product/partnership",
     "source": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/worldpay-llc/346258911",
     "source_url": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/worldpay-llc/346258911",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}