{
 "jurisdiction_id": "US-AK",
 "jurisdiction": "United States – Alaska",
 "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-11",
 "schema_version": "world-payments-v1",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 14,
  "sourced_findings": 65,
  "source_register": 147
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "W1a",
   "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access",
   "standing_position": "Alaska regulates payments/money-services activity exclusively through the Alaska Uniform Money Services Act (AS 06.55), administered by the Division of Banking and Securities (DBS) within the Dept. of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. There is no separate EMI/PPI regime; a single money transmission license (via NMLS) covers issuance of payment instruments, stored value, and currency exchange. A modernization act (SB86, effective July 1, 2026) migrates Alaska onto the CSBS Uniform Money Transmission Modernization Act model law, consolidating currency-exchange licensing into money transmission and enabling multistate licensing cooperation.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "statute+regulator",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dbs/ConsumerFinance/MoneyServiceBusinesses.aspx",
     "source_url": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dbs/ConsumerFinance/MoneyServiceBusinesses.aspx",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "statute (AS 06.55.101/.102/.103)",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/portals/3/pub/MoneyServicesStatutesRev09242018.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=32&docid=93219",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "statute (AS 06.55.104/.107)",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/Portals/3/pub/MoneyServicesStatutesRev09242018.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/portals/3/pub/MoneyServicesStatutesRev09242018.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "pending legislation (SB86)",
     "source": "https://www.billtrack50.com/billdetail/1819801",
     "source_url": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/portals/3/pub/MoneyServicesStatutesRev09242018.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "legislative sectional analysis",
     "source": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=32&docid=93219",
     "source_url": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/portals/3/pub/MoneyServicesStatutesRev09242018.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regulator guidance",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/Portals/3/pub/Money%20Transmitter%20Application%20Checklist%20Rev%20-%2020250505.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/portals/3/pub/MoneyServicesStatutesRev09242018.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W1b",
   "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions",
   "standing_position": "Safeguarding runs through statutory trust/permissible-investments rules (AS 06.55.501 et seq.), with strict segregation of customer funds from licensee assets — including virtual currency, which cannot be rehypothecated. DBS actively enforces this: it denied Coinme Inc.'s 2026 license renewal after finding pledged/collateralized virtual-currency assets undermined trust obligations, and denied BAM Trading Services (Binance.US) a 2024 renewal. Consumer transmission/refund timelines are codified in AS 06.55.820-840.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "statute (AS 06.55.501)",
     "source": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/Bill/Text/33?Hsid=SB0084A",
     "source_url": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/Bill/Text/33?Hsid=SB0084A",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement order",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/Portals/3/pub/EnforcementActions/Redacted%202025-00127_Coinme%20Statement%20of%20Issues_20251210.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/Portals/3/pub/EnforcementActions/Redacted%202025-00127_Coinme%20Statement%20of%20Issues_20251210.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement order",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dbs/newsandalerts.aspx",
     "source_url": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dbs/newsandalerts.aspx",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "statute (AS 06.55.820/.840)",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/portals/3/pub/MoneyservicesStatutes.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dbs/newsandalerts.aspx",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regulator guidance",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/Portals/3/pub/Money%20Transmitter%20Application%20Checklist%20Rev%20-%2020250505.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dbs/newsandalerts.aspx",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W2",
   "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money",
   "standing_position": "Alaska has no bespoke stablecoin statute; virtual currency is folded into the existing money-transmission licensing perimeter. A November 2022 DBS rule change (3 AAC 13.810/13.990, effective Jan 1, 2023) brought virtual currency transactions squarely within 'money transmission,' phasing out the prior Limited Licensing Agreement (LLA) workaround. SB86/HB0408 modernization further updates virtual-currency definitions and permissible-investment treatment. At the federal layer, the GENIUS Act (2025) creates a national payment-stablecoin issuer framework (OCC/Fed/FDIC/NCUA + state regulators) now in ANPR rulemaking on AML/sanctions obligations.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regulation (3 AAC 13)",
     "source": "https://www.fintechlawblog.com/2022/12/27/alaska-will-require-licensing-for-crypto-money-transmitters/",
     "source_url": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=32&docid=93219",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regulator guidance",
     "source": "https://www.fintechlawblog.com/2022/12/27/alaska-will-require-licensing-for-crypto-money-transmitters/",
     "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/03/02/2026-04089/implementing-the-guiding-and-establishing-national-innovation-for-us-stablecoins-act-for-the",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "statute (AS 06.55.205-.290)",
     "source": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=32&docid=93219",
     "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/03/02/2026-04089/implementing-the-guiding-and-establishing-national-innovation-for-us-stablecoins-act-for-the",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "federal statute (GENIUS Act) + ANPR",
     "source": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/04/10/2026-06963/permitted-payment-stablecoin-issuer-anti-money-launderingcountering-the-financing-of-terrorism",
     "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/03/02/2026-04089/implementing-the-guiding-and-establishing-national-innovation-for-us-stablecoins-act-for-the",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "secondary survey",
     "source": "https://stevenscenter.wharton.upenn.edu/publications-50-state-review/",
     "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/03/02/2026-04089/implementing-the-guiding-and-establishing-national-innovation-for-us-stablecoins-act-for-the",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W3",
   "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure",
   "standing_position": "Alaska has no bespoke operational-resilience statute; resilience obligations flow from (a) statutory examination cadence for state-chartered banks under Title 6, (b) federal FFIEC/OCC/FDIC cybersecurity supervisory guidance applicable to Alaska-domiciled banks, and (c) DBS advisories urging financial entities to review cybersecurity policies. A distinct, geography-driven resilience issue for Alaska is connectivity fragility in rural/village banking channels, now being addressed through federally-funded rural fiber build-out.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "statute (AS Title 6)",
     "source": "https://ballotpedia.org/Financial_regulation_in_Alaska",
     "source_url": "https://www.fdic.gov/news/financial-institution-letters/2024/sunset-ffiec-cybersecurity-assessment-tool",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regulator advisory",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dbs/newsandalerts.aspx",
     "source_url": "https://www.americanbanker.com/news/in-rural-alaska-villages-internet-banking-comes-with-challenges",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "federal supervisory guidance",
     "source": "https://www.fdic.gov/news/financial-institution-letters/2024/sunset-ffiec-cybersecurity-assessment-tool",
     "source_url": "https://www.americanbanker.com/news/in-rural-alaska-villages-internet-banking-comes-with-challenges",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market/operational report",
     "source": "https://www.americanbanker.com/news/in-rural-alaska-villages-internet-banking-comes-with-challenges",
     "source_url": "https://www.americanbanker.com/news/in-rural-alaska-villages-internet-banking-comes-with-challenges",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W4",
   "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w4-scheme-network-compliance",
   "standing_position": "Alaska has no state-level card-scheme or interchange regulator; card-network rules (Visa/Mastercard) and federal law govern surcharging and interchange by default. The one Alaska-specific legislative intervention is a 2025/2026 bill barring issuers/networks/acquirers from charging interchange on the tax/gratuity portion of electronic transactions when documentation is provided.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "pending legislation (HB171)",
     "source": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/Bill/Text/34?Hsid=HB0171A",
     "source_url": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/Bill/Text/34?Hsid=HB0171A",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market practice",
     "source": "https://merchantcostconsulting.com/lower-credit-card-processing-fees/alaska-credit-card-surcharge-laws/",
     "source_url": "https://merchantcostconsulting.com/lower-credit-card-processing-fees/alaska-credit-card-surcharge-laws/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "official practice notice",
     "source": "https://courts.alaska.gov/adbulls/docs/ab95.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://merchantcostconsulting.com/lower-credit-card-processing-fees/alaska-credit-card-surcharge-laws/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W5",
   "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Alaska sits at the intersection of two distinct corridor dynamics: (1) conventional international remittance corridors (e.g., to the Philippines) served by nationally-licensed money transmitters operating under an Alaska money transmitter license, and (2) an acute intra-state corridor problem — moving money into geographically isolated, often plane/boat-only-access Native villages — addressed through remote deposit capture, interactive teller machines, and federally-funded rural broadband/fiber build-out.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "corridor/licensing disclosure",
     "source": "https://www.pnbe-send.com/services.aspx",
     "source_url": "https://www.pnbe-send.com/services.aspx",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "corridor/access report",
     "source": "https://www.americanbanker.com/news/in-rural-alaska-villages-internet-banking-comes-with-challenges",
     "source_url": "https://www.bankingdive.com/news/alaska-credit-union-1-banking-deserts-branches/820333/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "corridor/access report",
     "source": "https://www.bankingdive.com/news/alaska-credit-union-1-banking-deserts-branches/820333/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bankingdive.com/news/alaska-credit-union-1-banking-deserts-branches/820333/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "corridor/access report",
     "source": "https://www.americanbanker.com/news/in-rural-alaska-villages-internet-banking-comes-with-challenges",
     "source_url": "https://www.bankingdive.com/news/alaska-credit-union-1-banking-deserts-branches/820333/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W6",
   "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Alaska's payments/banking market is a concentrated mix of one dominant national bank (Wells Fargo, ~50% of deposits historically), several DBS-chartered community banks (Northrim, First National Bank Alaska, Denali State Bank, Mt. McKinley Bank), one DBS-chartered credit union (Credit Union 1), and the large federally-chartered Global Credit Union (formerly Alaska USA), which is consolidating further via a 2025-2026 merger with MAC Federal Credit Union. Eight CDFIs, mostly Native-focused, fill the underserved/rural gap.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure report",
     "source": "https://www.akbizmag.com/industry/finance/distinguishing-differences-in-financial-institutions/",
     "source_url": "https://www.akbizmag.com/industry/finance/distinguishing-differences-in-financial-institutions/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regulator directory",
     "source": "https://www.akbizmag.com/industry/finance/distinguishing-differences-in-financial-institutions/",
     "source_url": "https://tyfone.com/news/breaking-news/alaskas-largest-credit-unions-find-growth-through-ma/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Credit_Union",
     "source_url": "https://tyfone.com/news/breaking-news/alaskas-largest-credit-unions-find-growth-through-ma/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "M&A/market structure report",
     "source": "https://tyfone.com/news/breaking-news/alaskas-largest-credit-unions-find-growth-through-ma/",
     "source_url": "https://tyfone.com/news/breaking-news/alaskas-largest-credit-unions-find-growth-through-ma/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure",
     "source": "https://digital.akbizmag.com/issue/february-2025/doing-good-in-underserved-communities/",
     "source_url": "https://tyfone.com/news/breaking-news/alaskas-largest-credit-unions-find-growth-through-ma/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W7",
   "name": "Legal & Litigation",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w7-legal-litigation",
   "standing_position": "DBS has been an active enforcer against crypto-exposed money transmitters: it denied Coinme Inc.'s 2026 license renewal (Dec 2025) over trust-fund/collateralization failures, and denied BAM Trading Services (Binance.US) a 2024 renewal. Separately, DBS's securities arm has issued a string of 2025-2026 consent orders against major broker-dealers (RBC, TD Ameritrade, Edward Jones, LPL, Stifel) concerning retail minimum commissions. Northrim BanCorp is also subject to an active shareholder-rights investigation.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement order",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/Portals/3/pub/EnforcementActions/Redacted%202025-00127_Coinme%20Statement%20of%20Issues_20251210.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dbs/enforcementorders.aspx",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement order",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dbs/newsandalerts.aspx",
     "source_url": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/northrim-capital-investments-co/28050421",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement order register",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/dbs/enforcementorders.aspx",
     "source_url": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/northrim-capital-investments-co/28050421",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "shareholder litigation notice",
     "source": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/northrim-capital-investments-co/28050421",
     "source_url": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/northrim-capital-investments-co/28050421",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W8",
   "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk",
   "standing_position": "Alaska has no dedicated merchant-acquiring licensing or high-risk-MCC regime; acquiring/onboarding risk practice defaults to federal law and card-network rules, layered with the state's narrow 2025/2026 interchange-on-tax/gratuity carve-out (HB171) that directly names acquirer banks and processors. No Alaska-specific chargeback/dispute statute was located.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "pending legislation",
     "source": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/Bill/Text/34?Hsid=HB0171A",
     "source_url": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/Bill/Text/34?Hsid=HB0171A",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market practice",
     "source": "https://www.nickel.com/surcharge-laws/alaska",
     "source_url": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/Bill/Text/34?Hsid=HB0171A",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W9",
   "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w9-product-innovation-market-development",
   "standing_position": "Alaska's payments innovation is dominated by access-driven product development for rural/village markets — remote deposit capture, interactive teller machines (ITMs) airlifted into isolated communities, and federally-funded fiber build-out — rather than conventional fintech/open-banking launches. The federal CFPB open-banking (Section 1033) rulemaking, which would affect Alaska-domiciled banks' data-sharing obligations, remains paused/enjoined as of late 2025. Virtual-currency kiosks (Bitcoin ATMs) are a fast-growing but now-regulated product category.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "product innovation report",
     "source": "https://www.bankingdive.com/news/alaska-credit-union-1-banking-deserts-branches/820333/",
     "source_url": "https://www.fintechweekly.com/magazine/articles/cfpb-open-banking-rule-pause-fintech-data-access",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "federal rulemaking status",
     "source": "https://www.fintechweekly.com/magazine/articles/cfpb-open-banking-rule-pause-fintech-data-access",
     "source_url": "https://mustreadalaska.com/senate-passes-consumer-bill-of-rights-to-protect-alaskans-from-crypto-atm-scams/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "pending legislation (SB249)",
     "source": "https://mustreadalaska.com/senate-passes-consumer-bill-of-rights-to-protect-alaskans-from-crypto-atm-scams/",
     "source_url": "https://mustreadalaska.com/senate-passes-consumer-bill-of-rights-to-protect-alaskans-from-crypto-atm-scams/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "product access report",
     "source": "https://www.americanbanker.com/news/in-rural-alaska-villages-internet-banking-comes-with-challenges",
     "source_url": "https://mustreadalaska.com/senate-passes-consumer-bill-of-rights-to-protect-alaskans-from-crypto-atm-scams/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W10",
   "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud",
   "standing_position": "Consumer protection runs through the general Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act (UTPCPA, AS 45.50.471), enforced by the AG's Consumer Protection Unit, layered with a payments-specific 2026 wave of legislative and enforcement activity targeting crypto-ATM/APP fraud (SB249, HB324) after the AG issued public warnings and reported that Alaskans lost over $26 million to online fraud in 2024, with seniors bearing a disproportionate share.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "statute (AS 45.50.471)",
     "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/alaska/title-45/chapter-50/article-3/section-45-50-471/",
     "source_url": "https://law.alaska.gov/press/releases/2026/042926-CryptoATM.html",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regulator/enforcement body",
     "source": "https://law.alaska.gov/department/civil/consumer/cpindex.html",
     "source_url": "https://mustreadalaska.com/senate-passes-consumer-bill-of-rights-to-protect-alaskans-from-crypto-atm-scams/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "pending legislation (SB249)",
     "source": "https://mustreadalaska.com/senate-passes-consumer-bill-of-rights-to-protect-alaskans-from-crypto-atm-scams/",
     "source_url": "https://mustreadalaska.com/senate-passes-consumer-bill-of-rights-to-protect-alaskans-from-crypto-atm-scams/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "official AG advisory",
     "source": "https://law.alaska.gov/press/releases/2026/042926-CryptoATM.html",
     "source_url": "https://mustreadalaska.com/senate-passes-consumer-bill-of-rights-to-protect-alaskans-from-crypto-atm-scams/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "pending legislation (HB324)",
     "source": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/Bill/Detail/34?Root=HB+324",
     "source_url": "https://mustreadalaska.com/senate-passes-consumer-bill-of-rights-to-protect-alaskans-from-crypto-atm-scams/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W11",
   "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime",
   "confidence": "Possible",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime",
   "standing_position": "Sentinel.gi-fed payments-context AML/CFT position for US-AK was not retrievable via the dedicated Sentinel feed in this research pass; no direct Sentinel.gi corpus access was available to this collector. The only verifiable payments-context AML anchor located directly is the state-level cross-reference to federal BSA registration (31 U.S.C. 5330) required of Alaska money transmitter applicants. This module is therefore recorded with sentinel_feed=true per methodology but with absent-field provenance on substantive Sentinel content; no original illicit-finance analysis has been performed here, consistent with the FIM/WPM scope boundary.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regulator guidance / federal cross-reference",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/Portals/3/pub/Money%20Transmitter%20Application%20Checklist%20Rev%20-%2020250505.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/Portals/3/pub/Money%20Transmitter%20Application%20Checklist%20Rev%20-%2020250505.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Alaska operates under the federal BSA/FinCEN framework plus state licensing under the Alaska Uniform Money Services Act (AS 06.55), administered by the Division of Banking and Securities (DBS), which supervises MSBs, money transmitters and virtual-currency businesses and maintains an OFAC information-sharing MOU. Alaska has no independent AML statute or beneficial-ownership registry beyond incorporation of federal BSA obligations, and relies on the now-narrowed federal Corporate Transparency Act for BO visibility.",
     "instrument_type": "assessment",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) per-JID baseline profile — United States — Alaska",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: sourcing-thinness",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-004)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: legal-gap",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-003)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Sanctions: OFSI divergence",
     "instrument_type": "sanctions_change",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) sanctions_change_register (issue FIM-BASE-SANC-003)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Sanctions: EU listing",
     "instrument_type": "sanctions_change",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) sanctions_change_register (issue FIM-BASE-SANC-002)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Enforcement: FinCEN — Canaccord Genuity LLC",
     "instrument_type": "enforcement_action",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-004)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Enforcement: FinCEN — BSA-covered financial institutions nationwide (including Alaska-chartered banks and credit unions)",
     "instrument_type": "enforcement_action",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-001)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: regulatory-failure",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-002)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W12",
   "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access",
   "standing_position": "Correspondent-banking/settlement access in Alaska is dominated by a physical/geographic access problem rather than a de-risking or clearing-membership problem: Federal Reserve data show Alaska has an outsized share of banking deserts, concentrated in Alaska Native communities, addressed partly through CDFIs and specialist lenders providing correspondent-style capital access to Native organizations.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Federal Reserve data",
     "source": "https://www.bankingdive.com/news/alaska-credit-union-1-banking-deserts-branches/820333/",
     "source_url": "https://www.ncb.coop/sectors-we-serve/alaska-and-native",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "correspondent capital access",
     "source": "https://www.ncb.coop/sectors-we-serve/alaska-and-native",
     "source_url": "https://www.ncb.coop/sectors-we-serve/alaska-and-native",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "correspondent/CDFI access",
     "source": "https://digital.akbizmag.com/issue/february-2025/doing-good-in-underserved-communities/",
     "source_url": "https://www.ncb.coop/sectors-we-serve/alaska-and-native",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "access/settlement report",
     "source": "https://www.bankingdive.com/news/alaska-credit-union-1-banking-deserts-branches/820333/",
     "source_url": "https://www.ncb.coop/sectors-we-serve/alaska-and-native",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W13",
   "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/united-states-alaska/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech",
   "standing_position": "Trailing-12-month (July 2025-July 2026) Alaska payments/banking commercial activity centers on: Northrim BanCorp's capital-raising and steady earnings; Credit Union 1's pending merger with MAC Federal Credit Union; a shareholder-rights investigation opened against Northrim BanCorp; and DBS's denial of Coinme's 2026 license renewal, which functions as a market-structure exit event for a crypto money-transmitter in the state.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: capital raise",
     "source": "https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/nrim/",
     "source_url": "https://tyfone.com/news/breaking-news/alaskas-largest-credit-unions-find-growth-through-ma/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: earnings",
     "source": "https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/04/22/3279401/8875/en/northrim-bancorp-earns-13-7-million-or-0-61-per-diluted-share-in-first-quarter-2026.html",
     "source_url": "https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/nrim/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: credit union merger",
     "source": "https://tyfone.com/news/breaking-news/alaskas-largest-credit-unions-find-growth-through-ma/",
     "source_url": "https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/nrim/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: market exit",
     "source": "https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/Portals/3/pub/EnforcementActions/Redacted%202025-00127_Coinme%20Statement%20of%20Issues_20251210.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/nrim/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: shareholder investigation",
     "source": "https://www.zoominfo.com/c/northrim-capital-investments-co/28050421",
     "source_url": "https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/nrim/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-05"
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}