{
 "jurisdiction_id": "UA",
 "jurisdiction": "Ukraine",
 "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-11",
 "schema_version": "world-payments-v1",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 14,
  "sourced_findings": 70,
  "source_register": 128
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "W1a",
   "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access",
   "standing_position": "Ukraine's payment-services market is governed by the Law of Ukraine On Payment Services (No. 1591-IX), which entered into force (with certain provisions delayed) on 1 August 2022 and established the modern PSP/EMI licensing architecture supervised by the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU); a parallel, newer authorisation track for non-financial (AIS/PIS) payment service providers became operational via NBU Board Resolution No. 81 in 2025.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary statute",
     "source": "https://www.rada.gov.ua/en/news/News/211327.html",
     "source_url": "https://www.deloitte.com/ua/en/services/tax/perspectives/tax-and-legal-alert-2023-01-20.html",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary statute / NBU designation",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/sep",
     "source_url": "https://www.wolftheiss.com/insights/open-banking-in-ukraine-ais-pis-providers-and-their-regulatory-status/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "licence categories",
     "source": "https://vlolawfirm.com/tpost/ukraine-banking-finance",
     "source_url": "https://vlolawfirm.com/tpost/ukraine-banking-finance",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "NBU Board Resolution No. 81 (25 July 2025)",
     "source": "https://www.wolftheiss.com/insights/open-banking-in-ukraine-ais-pis-providers-and-their-regulatory-status/",
     "source_url": "https://vlolawfirm.com/tpost/ukraine-banking-finance",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Law on Payment Services",
     "source": "https://www.deloitte.com/ua/en/services/tax/perspectives/tax-and-legal-alert-2023-01-20.html",
     "source_url": "https://vlolawfirm.com/tpost/ukraine-banking-finance",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "passporting",
     "source": "https://vlolawfirm.com/tpost/ukraine-banking-finance",
     "source_url": "https://vlolawfirm.com/tpost/ukraine-banking-finance",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W1b",
   "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions",
   "standing_position": "Consumer/conduct oversight sits with the NBU's Office for Financial Services Consumer Rights Protection (formal mandate since a 2019 law made Ukraine the 120th country to protect financial-services consumers); safeguarding of consumer funds for non-financial PSPs is being built out via the 2025 authorisation and risk-management bylaws, with a wider payment-accounts safeguarding regime still on the NBU's regulatory horizon.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "conduct/consumer-protection function",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/consumer-protection",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/ukrayina-stala-120-yu-derjavoyu-u-sviti-de-prava-spojivachiv-finansovih-poslug-zahischeni-zakonom",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Consumer protection law",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/ukrayina-stala-120-yu-derjavoyu-u-sviti-de-prava-spojivachiv-finansovih-poslug-zahischeni-zakonom",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/u-regulyuvanni-ukrayinskogo-platijnogo-rinku-vidbudutsya-kontseptualni-zmini",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "NBU Board Resolution No. 73 (2 July 2025) / No. 43 (19 May 2021)",
     "source": "https://www.wolftheiss.com/insights/open-banking-in-ukraine-ais-pis-providers-and-their-regulatory-status/",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/u-regulyuvanni-ukrayinskogo-platijnogo-rinku-vidbudutsya-kontseptualni-zmini",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "pending regulatory concept",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/u-regulyuvanni-ukrayinskogo-platijnogo-rinku-vidbudutsya-kontseptualni-zmini",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/u-regulyuvanni-ukrayinskogo-platijnogo-rinku-vidbudutsya-kontseptualni-zmini",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "conduct rule (Article 55, Law on Banks and Banking)",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/faq",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/u-regulyuvanni-ukrayinskogo-platijnogo-rinku-vidbudutsya-kontseptualni-zmini",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W2",
   "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money",
   "standing_position": "Virtual assets remain in a transitional legal state: the 2022 Law On Virtual Assets is adopted but not yet in force pending Tax Code amendments, while a new draft Bill No. 10225-d (April 2025) proposes a two-regulator, MiCA-aligned regime with the NBU supervising e-money-token-type stablecoins; the NBU separately runs its own e-hryvnia CBDC pilot.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Draft Bill No. 10225-d",
     "source": "https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/blockchain-cryptocurrency-laws-and-regulations/ukraine/",
     "source_url": "https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=3df819dc-4557-418a-81a7-7ba70c8c6be9",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Draft Bill No. 10225-d",
     "source": "https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=8b6e6fd9-dde8-4dc7-9146-ea44f40a926c",
     "source_url": "https://www.rada.gov.ua/en/news/News/265708.html",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Law On Virtual Assets (2022)",
     "source": "https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=3df819dc-4557-418a-81a7-7ba70c8c6be9",
     "source_url": "https://www.ey.com/en_ua/it-tax-law-digest/the-draft-law-on-the-taxation-of-income-from-virtual-assets-approved-by-the-parliamentary-committee",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBDC pilot (e-hryvnia)",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/e-hryvnia",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/e-hryvnia",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regulator mandate split",
     "source": "https://www.tradingview.com/news/coinpedia:f21a44f8d094b:0-crypto-regulations-in-ukraine-2025/",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/e-hryvnia",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Draft Bill No. 10225-д (tax)",
     "source": "https://www.ey.com/en_ua/it-tax-law-digest/the-draft-law-on-the-taxation-of-income-from-virtual-assets-approved-by-the-parliamentary-committee",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/e-hryvnia",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W3",
   "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure",
   "standing_position": "The NBU oversees payment-infrastructure resilience under Regulation No. 187 (2022), which mandates incident reporting and 2-hour recovery for systemically important payment systems; wartime conditions have forced an unusually mature operational cyber-defence posture, and Ukraine is aligning its forthcoming cyber strategy with EU NIS2/DORA standards.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "NBU Board Resolution No. 187 (24 Aug 2022)",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/onovleno-poryadok-zdiysnennya-oversaytu-platijnoyi-infrastrukturi-v-ukrayini",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/onovleno-poryadok-zdiysnennya-oversaytu-platijnoyi-infrastrukturi-v-ukrayini",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "institutional posture",
     "source": "https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/ukraines-wartime-experience-provides-blueprint-for-infrastructure-protection/",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/onovleno-poryadok-zdiysnennya-oversaytu-platijnoyi-infrastrukturi-v-ukrayini",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "incident environment",
     "source": "https://cip.gov.ua/en/faqs/cyber-threat-overview-and-defense-strategies-in-2025-cert-ua-s-experience",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/onovleno-poryadok-zdiysnennya-oversaytu-platijnoyi-infrastrukturi-v-ukrayini",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "incident environment",
     "source": "https://unn.ua/en/news/no-critical-cyber-incidents-recorded-in-ukraine-by-the-end-of-2025-state-special-communications-service",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/onovleno-poryadok-zdiysnennya-oversaytu-platijnoyi-infrastrukturi-v-ukrayini",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "horizon alignment",
     "source": "https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/wartime-ukraine-offers-global-lessons-on-the-future-of-cyber-resilience/",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/onovleno-poryadok-zdiysnennya-oversaytu-platijnoyi-infrastrukturi-v-ukrayini",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "incident case",
     "source": "https://www.csidb.net/csidb/incidents/9532990e-ca0b-4134-b432-49e04facc6d8/",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/onovleno-poryadok-zdiysnennya-oversaytu-platijnoyi-infrastrukturi-v-ukrayini",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W4",
   "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w4-scheme-network-compliance",
   "standing_position": "Ukraine's card scheme layer is Visa/Mastercard-dominated with a marginal national scheme (Prostir); PCI DSS applies via the global card-brand framework rather than a Ukraine-specific regulator, and wartime conditions have disrupted routine compliance revalidation cycles for Ukraine-based service providers.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "scheme market share (NBU data)",
     "source": "https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/108888/",
     "source_url": "https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/108888/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "interchange rules",
     "source": "https://www.mastercard.com/europe/en/regulatory/european-interchange.html",
     "source_url": "https://www.visa.com/splisting/searchGrsp.do",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "PCI DSS certification",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Processing_Center",
     "source_url": "https://www.visa.com/splisting/searchGrsp.do",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "PCI DSS compliance enforcement",
     "source": "https://www.visa.com/splisting/searchGrsp.do",
     "source_url": "https://www.visa.com/splisting/searchGrsp.do",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W5",
   "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Cross-border payment corridors remain shaped by the martial-law FX regime under NBU Resolution No. 18 (24 Feb 2022), which the NBU has been progressively liberalising through 2025-2026 via targeted resolutions covering dividend repatriation, loan servicing and a new incentive-linked 'loan limit' mechanism, while diaspora remittance and e-commerce corridors continue to grow through domestic PSPs.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "NBU Resolution No. 18 (24 Feb 2022, as amended)",
     "source": "https://chambers.com/articles/ukraine-continuously-eases-currency-transfer-rules",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/natsionalniy-bank-i-dali-pomyakshuye-valyutni-obmejennya",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "NBU Resolution No. 95 (5 Aug 2025)",
     "source": "https://www.ey.com/en_ua/technical/ey-ukraine-alert/national-bank-of-ukraine-has-revisited-currency-restrictions",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/natsionalniy-bank-i-dali-pomyakshuye-valyutni-obmejennya",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "NBU resolutions of 13 Jan 2026",
     "source": "https://www.kinstellar.com/news-and-insights/detail/4002/further-easing-of-currency-restrictions-in-ukraine-focus-on-new-currency-liberalisation-instruments",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/natsionalniy-bank-i-dali-pomyakshuye-valyutni-obmejennya",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "corridor-specific easing",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/natsionalniy-bank-i-dali-pomyakshuye-valyutni-obmejennya",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/natsionalniy-bank-i-dali-pomyakshuye-valyutni-obmejennya",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "corridor volume",
     "source": "https://uaconsulting.eu/2025/06/18/ukraine-fintech-investment",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/natsionalniy-bank-i-dali-pomyakshuye-valyutni-obmejennya",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W6",
   "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "The Ukrainian payments/fintech market (~$6.9bn, 15% CAGR) is led commercially by bank-licensed neobank monobank (operating under Universal Bank's licence) and PrivatBank, alongside a broad base of 250+ mostly self-funded fintech firms concentrated in Kyiv; 2025 saw the sector produce its first fintech unicorn.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure event",
     "source": "https://dia.dp.gov.ua/en/monobank-becomes-ukraines-first-fintech-unicorn-valued-at-1-billion/",
     "source_url": "https://dia.dp.gov.ua/en/monobank-becomes-ukraines-first-fintech-unicorn-valued-at-1-billion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "bank-PSP structure",
     "source": "https://www.paymentsculture.com/p/resilience-and-innovation-ukraines",
     "source_url": "https://dia.dp.gov.ua/en/monobank-becomes-ukraines-first-fintech-unicorn-valued-at-1-billion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market size",
     "source": "https://uaconsulting.eu/2025/06/18/ukraine-fintech-investment",
     "source_url": "https://dia.dp.gov.ua/en/monobank-becomes-ukraines-first-fintech-unicorn-valued-at-1-billion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market composition",
     "source": "https://mostvaluedbusiness.com/ukrainian-fintech-ux-strategies/",
     "source_url": "https://dia.dp.gov.ua/en/monobank-becomes-ukraines-first-fintech-unicorn-valued-at-1-billion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market leadership",
     "source": "https://www.euromoney.com/article/cm2hinpj7xck8ows0k04gswok/corporate-banking/ukraines-best-merchant-acquirer-2025-privatbank/",
     "source_url": "https://dia.dp.gov.ua/en/monobank-becomes-ukraines-first-fintech-unicorn-valued-at-1-billion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W7",
   "name": "Legal & Litigation",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w7-legal-litigation",
   "standing_position": "The NBU's Article 73 enforcement toolkit (warnings, restrictions, curatorship, licence revocation) has been actively used against major PSPs in 2025-2026, including record fines against payment-terminal networks EasyPay and City24 and multiple actions against Ukrposhta; however, Ukrainian courts have a track record of overturning NBU sanctions decisions on procedural grounds.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Law On the National Bank of Ukraine",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/admin_uploads/law/Law_NBU_eng.pdf?v=6",
     "source_url": "https://ua.news/en/rozsliduvannia/druga-pospil-osobista-pomilka-golovi-nbu-pishnogo-pislia-rekordnikh-shtrafiv-dlia-city24-ta-easypay",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement action",
     "source": "https://ua.news/en/rozsliduvannia/druga-pospil-osobista-pomilka-golovi-nbu-pishnogo-pislia-rekordnikh-shtrafiv-dlia-city24-ta-easypay",
     "source_url": "https://ua.news/en/all-news/osobiste-rishennia-golovi-nbu-pishnogo-absoliutnii-rekord-ukrayini-shtrafi-dlia-easypay-ta-city24-u-135-mln-grn",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement action",
     "source": "https://mezha.net/eng/bukvy/dae60a62_nbu_fines_ukrposhta/",
     "source_url": "https://ua.news/en/all-news/osobiste-rishennia-golovi-nbu-pishnogo-absoliutnii-rekord-ukrayini-shtrafi-dlia-easypay-ta-city24-u-135-mln-grn",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "judicial track record",
     "source": "https://ua.news/en/all-news/osobiste-rishennia-golovi-nbu-pishnogo-absoliutnii-rekord-ukrayini-shtrafi-dlia-easypay-ta-city24-u-135-mln-grn",
     "source_url": "https://ua.news/en/all-news/osobiste-rishennia-golovi-nbu-pishnogo-absoliutnii-rekord-ukrayini-shtrafi-dlia-easypay-ta-city24-u-135-mln-grn",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement action",
     "source": "https://ua.news/en/ukraine/nbu-oshtrafuvav-ukrposhtu-na-1-7-mln-grn",
     "source_url": "https://ua.news/en/all-news/osobiste-rishennia-golovi-nbu-pishnogo-absoliutnii-rekord-ukrayini-shtrafi-dlia-easypay-ta-city24-u-135-mln-grn",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W8",
   "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk",
   "standing_position": "Merchant acquiring is dominated by bank-affiliated players (PrivatBank, expanding monobank) processing over Hrn 1 trillion annually through stationary terminals, while the largest independent payment-terminal networks (EasyPay, City24) have come under intense 2025-2026 NBU scrutiny for payment-market and consumer-protection breaches.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "acquiring volume",
     "source": "https://www.euromoney.com/article/cm2hinpj7xck8ows0k04gswok/corporate-banking/ukraines-best-merchant-acquirer-2025-privatbank/",
     "source_url": "https://www.euromoney.com/article/cm2hinpj7xck8ows0k04gswok/corporate-banking/ukraines-best-merchant-acquirer-2025-privatbank/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "acquiring market entry",
     "source": "https://www.processout.com/blog/mono-pioneering-ukraines-fintech-frontier-from-issuing-to-acquiring",
     "source_url": "https://www.euromoney.com/article/cm2hinpj7xck8ows0k04gswok/corporate-banking/ukraines-best-merchant-acquirer-2025-privatbank/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "acquiring/terminal-risk enforcement",
     "source": "https://ua.news/en/rozsliduvannia/druga-pospil-osobista-pomilka-golovi-nbu-pishnogo-pislia-rekordnikh-shtrafiv-dlia-city24-ta-easypay",
     "source_url": "https://www.euromoney.com/article/cm2hinpj7xck8ows0k04gswok/corporate-banking/ukraines-best-merchant-acquirer-2025-privatbank/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "acquiring AML responsibility",
     "source": "https://vlolawfirm.com/tpost/ukraine-banking-finance",
     "source_url": "https://www.euromoney.com/article/cm2hinpj7xck8ows0k04gswok/corporate-banking/ukraines-best-merchant-acquirer-2025-privatbank/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W9",
   "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w9-product-innovation-market-development",
   "standing_position": "2025 marked a step-change in Ukrainian payments infrastructure: the open banking regime went fully operational on 1 August 2025, SEP was upgraded to ISO 20022 24/7 real-time operation in 2023, and the NBU continues to run an e-hryvnia CBDC pilot alongside a fintech sandbox.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Open banking regime",
     "source": "https://www.wolftheiss.com/insights/open-banking-in-ukraine-ais-pis-providers-and-their-regulatory-status/",
     "source_url": "https://www.wolftheiss.com/insights/open-banking-in-ukraine-ais-pis-providers-and-their-regulatory-status/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "RTGS modernisation",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/sep",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/sep",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "open banking technical rules",
     "source": "https://cms.law/en/ukr/legal-updates/ukraine-national-bank-issues-draft-regulation-on-open-banking",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/sep",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBDC pilot",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/e-hryvnia",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/sep",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regulatory sandbox",
     "source": "https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/blockchain-cryptocurrency-laws-and-regulations/ukraine/",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/sep",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W10",
   "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud",
   "standing_position": "Consumer-protection supervision runs through the NBU's Office for Financial Services Consumer Rights Protection with a formal complaints channel and statutory response deadlines; there is no UK/EU-style mandatory APP-fraud reimbursement scheme, and phishing/fraud detection has been a standing wartime concern.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "complaints mechanism",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/consumer-protection",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/consumer-protection",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "founding consumer-protection law",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/ukrayina-stala-120-yu-derjavoyu-u-sviti-de-prava-spojivachiv-finansovih-poslug-zahischeni-zakonom",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/faq",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "fraud detection measures",
     "source": "https://www.rnbo.gov.ua/en/Diialnist/6103.html",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/faq",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "fraud-response guidance",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/faq",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/faq",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Law On Digital Content and Digital Services (2024)",
     "source": "https://www.ibanet.org/Ukrainian-law-on-provision-of-digital-content-services",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/faq",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W11",
   "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime",
   "standing_position": "Sentinel.gi payments-context position: Ukraine remains a MONEYVAL/FATF member in good standing (not on any strategic-deficiency list) despite active war, having undergone its fourth-round mutual evaluation in 2017 and a 2020 follow-up with re-rated recommendations; wartime guidance has allowed proportionate compliance expectations while correspondent-banking de-risking pressures persist.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "reporting thresholds / SFMS",
     "source": "https://www.sanctionscanner.com/aml-guide/anti-money-laundering-aml-in-ukraine-77",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Ukraine is a MONEYVAL member assessed under a 2017 MER now in regular follow-up, with a 2022 National Risk Assessment flagging wartime ML, virtual-asset ML and illicit outflows as top threats. Institutionally strong anti-corruption architecture (NABU/SAPO/HACC) coexists with repeated political attempts to curb its independence, an unimplemented Virtual Assets Law, and occupied territories outside AML/CFT jurisdictional reach.",
     "instrument_type": "assessment",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) per-JID baseline profile — Ukraine",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: legal-gap",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-003)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: enforcement-absence",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-005)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Sanctions: EU listing",
     "instrument_type": "sanctions_change",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) sanctions_change_register (issue FIM-BASE-SANC-002)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Enforcement: Council of the European Union — Russian VASP sector, RUBx stablecoin, 58 military-industrial entities",
     "instrument_type": "enforcement_action",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-006)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W12",
   "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access",
   "standing_position": "Domestic settlement runs through the NBU-operated SEP RTGS system; cross-border correspondent access for Ukrainian banks has faced war-driven de-risking pressure even as the NBU incrementally reopens FX channels, and the scale of prospective reconstruction financing is raising the due-diligence bar for correspondent relationships.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "domestic settlement system",
     "source": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/sep",
     "source_url": "https://bank.gov.ua/en/payments/sep",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "correspondent access pressure",
     "source": "https://ukraine-war-analytics.com/economy/aml-compliance-ukraine.html",
     "source_url": "https://ukraine-war-analytics.com/economy/aml-compliance-ukraine.html",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "reconstruction-financing due diligence",
     "source": "https://ukraine-war-analytics.com/economy/aml-compliance-ukraine.html",
     "source_url": "https://ukraine-war-analytics.com/economy/aml-compliance-ukraine.html",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "beneficial-ownership transparency",
     "source": "https://ukraine-war-analytics.com/economy/aml-compliance-ukraine.html",
     "source_url": "https://ukraine-war-analytics.com/economy/aml-compliance-ukraine.html",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W13",
   "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ukraine/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech",
   "standing_position": "The trailing-12-month window (mid-2025 to mid-2026) was dominated by Fintech-IT Group / monobank's ascent to Ukraine's first fintech unicorn via a UMAEF strategic investment, alongside monobank's expansion into merchant acquiring and continued growth of the broader domestic PSP processing base.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: investment",
     "source": "https://umaef.org/medias/u-s-enterprise-fund-for-ukraine-umaef-invests-in-fintech-it-group-powering-it-to-a-1bn-valuation-as-ukraines-first-fintech-unicorn/",
     "source_url": "https://umaef.org/medias/u-s-enterprise-fund-for-ukraine-umaef-invests-in-fintech-it-group-powering-it-to-a-1bn-valuation-as-ukraines-first-fintech-unicorn/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: investment",
     "source": "https://www.vestbee.com/insights/articles/ukrainian-fintech-it-group-a-developer-of-mono-raises-funding-at-a-1-b-valuation",
     "source_url": "https://www.processout.com/blog/mono-pioneering-ukraines-fintech-frontier-from-issuing-to-acquiring",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: product launch",
     "source": "https://www.processout.com/blog/mono-pioneering-ukraines-fintech-frontier-from-issuing-to-acquiring",
     "source_url": "https://www.processout.com/blog/mono-pioneering-ukraines-fintech-frontier-from-issuing-to-acquiring",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: market aggregate",
     "source": "https://en.ain.ua/2026/05/07/venture-q1/",
     "source_url": "https://www.processout.com/blog/mono-pioneering-ukraines-fintech-frontier-from-issuing-to-acquiring",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}