{
 "jurisdiction_id": "UG",
 "jurisdiction": "Uganda",
 "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-11",
 "schema_version": "world-payments-v1",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 14,
  "sourced_findings": 73,
  "source_register": 27
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "W1a",
   "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access",
   "standing_position": "Uganda's payments licensing regime is anchored in the National Payment Systems Act, 2020 (NPSA) and the National Payment Systems Regulations, 2021, which vest the Bank of Uganda (BoU) with sole authority to license operators of payment systems, payment service providers (including electronic money issuers) and issuers of payment instruments. Three licence categories exist (PSO, PSP, IPI) with tiered minimum capital, and BoU issued the first Class-A PSP and e-money licences to MTN and Airtel's newly incorporated mobile-money subsidiaries in May 2021.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Primary statute",
     "source": "https://ulii.org/akn/ug/act/2020/15/eng@2020-09-04/source",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Licence categories",
     "source": "https://aln.africa/insight/the-regulatory-framework-for-fintechs/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Regulatory mandate",
     "source": "https://www.theworldlawgroup.com/membership/news/key-features-of-ugandas-national-payment-systems-act",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Licence issuance",
     "source": "https://www.tadvocates.com/blog-single.php?id=28",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Corporate separation requirement",
     "source": "https://www.kaa.co.ug/an-overview-of-the-national-payment-systems-act-2020/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Regulatory sandbox",
     "source": "https://cepiluganda.org/cepil-legal-briefs/the-national-payment-systems-act-2020/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W1b",
   "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions",
   "standing_position": "Safeguarding under the NPSA operates via a 100%-backed trust/special account model: e-money issuers must hold customer funds one-for-one in liquid assets in a trust account (non-bank issuers) or special account (financial institutions), supervised by BoU. The National Payment Systems (Consumer Protection) Regulations, 2022 and the National Payment Systems (Agents) Regulations, 2021 layer conduct and agent-oversight obligations on top of the safeguarding regime.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Safeguarding mechanism",
     "source": "https://ulii.org/en/akn/ug/act/2020/15/eng@2020-09-04",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Issuance precondition",
     "source": "https://ulii.org/en/akn/ug/act/2020/15/eng@2020-09-04",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Consumer protection regulation",
     "source": "https://ulii.org/akn/ug/act/si/2022/103/eng@2022-09-09",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Conduct enforcement",
     "source": "https://www.ceo.co.ug/bank-of-ugandas-vital-payments-switch-stuck-in-limbo-amid-lobbying-claims-and-competing-business-interests/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Agent conduct regulation",
     "source": "https://chambers.com/content/item/3266",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Data/privacy conduct duty",
     "source": "https://cepiluganda.org/cepil-legal-briefs/the-national-payment-systems-act-2020/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W2",
   "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money",
   "standing_position": "Uganda has no licensed stablecoin regime and treats crypto-assets as illegal payment instruments following a 2022 BoU circular and a confirmatory 2023 High Court ruling; the central bank is instead advancing a permissioned-blockchain CBDC ('digital shilling') pilot launched October 2025 in partnership with private blockchain firms, still pre-live and tied to a broader tokenisation initiative. FIA data show a large unregulated 'shadow' virtual-asset market persisting despite the ban.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBDC pilot",
     "source": "https://cbdctracker.hrf.org/currency/uganda",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBDC policy process",
     "source": "https://cbdctracker.hrf.org/currency/uganda",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Crypto prohibition",
     "source": "https://businesstimesug.com/high-court-upholds-bous-crypto-transactions-ban/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Shadow market / AML risk",
     "source": "https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/markets/how-govt-s-crypto-ban-created-a-shs4-trillion-illegal-market-5467028",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Private stablecoin pilot",
     "source": "https://bsvblockchain.org/bsv-blockchain-introduces-its-pilot-program-series-the-ugandan-shilling-stablecoin-project/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W3",
   "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure",
   "standing_position": "BoU issued mandatory Cyber and Technology Risk Management Guidelines for all supervised financial institutions effective 1 December 2024, layered on the NPSA's 24-hour fraud/breach notification obligation for payment providers. The Computer Misuse (Amendment) Act, 2022 and a new UCC digital forensics lab strengthen the wider incident-response ecosystem.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Cyber risk guideline",
     "source": "https://www.pwc.com/ug/en/publications/key-reflections-bou-cyber-risk-management-guidelines.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Incident reporting / statutory backing",
     "source": "https://observer.ug/viewpoint/ugandas-financial-sector-must-rethink-cybersecurity-in-2026/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Sector coordination body",
     "source": "https://observer.ug/viewpoint/ugandas-financial-sector-must-rethink-cybersecurity-in-2026/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Incident notification rule",
     "source": "https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mobile-money-scam-victim-lifts-lid-on-con-3993870",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Critical infrastructure disruption event",
     "source": "https://techmoran.com/2026/01/22/ugandas-mtn-and-airtel-restore-mobile-money-after-election-shutdown/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W4",
   "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w4-scheme-network-compliance",
   "standing_position": "Card-scheme compliance in Uganda runs through international rulebooks (Visa/Mastercard, PCI DSS) applied via local acquiring banks, while mobile money remains the dominant proprietary rail (MTN attained GSMA Mobile Money Certification). A long-delayed Bank of Uganda National Payments Switch procurement — intended to give the country its own interoperable domestic scheme — remains stalled after tender cancellation, leaving merchant-facing scheme infrastructure fragmented.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Scheme certification",
     "source": "https://www.cgap.org/blog/how-are-mobile-money-agents-protecting-customers-data-in-uganda",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Card scheme acceptance",
     "source": "https://payatlas.com/countries/uganda-ug",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "National switch procurement",
     "source": "https://www.ceo.co.ug/bank-of-ugandas-vital-payments-switch-stuck-in-limbo-amid-lobbying-claims-and-competing-business-interests/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Merchant scheme standardisation",
     "source": "https://www.ceo.co.ug/bank-of-ugandas-vital-payments-switch-stuck-in-limbo-amid-lobbying-claims-and-competing-business-interests/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W5",
   "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Uganda's cross-border rails run principally through the RTGS-integrated East African Payment System (EAPS, EAC currencies) and the COMESA Regional Payment and Settlement System (REPSS, settled in USD/EUR), alongside conventional SWIFT correspondent channels. Uganda is not yet confirmed as a directly connected PAPSS member state in available sourcing (absent-field). The January 2026 telecoms shutdown drove a visible informal corridor of Ugandans routing mobile money through Kenyan wallets, illustrating both inclusion-rail dependence and corridor fragility.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Regional settlement rails",
     "source": "https://www.bou.or.ug/bouwebsite/PaymentSystems/rtgs.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ACH multi-currency clearing",
     "source": "https://www.bou.or.ug/bouwebsite/PaymentSystems/systems.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "RTGS modernisation / regional interoperability",
     "source": "https://www.fintechfutures.com/instant-real-time-payments/bank-of-uganda-upgrades-rtgs-with-sweden-s-cma",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Informal cross-border rail / inclusion corridor",
     "source": "https://kenyanwallstreet.com/ugandans-rely-on-kenyan-mobile-wallets",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Remittance infrastructure",
     "source": "https://migrantmoney.uncdf.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Uganda-Infrastructure-Assessment-Report_April2025.pdf",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W6",
   "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Uganda's banking sector is concentrated (top-10 banks ~81% of assets, Stanbic the market leader) while the payments layer is fragmented across 170+ private players spanning MNO-led mobile money, banks, fintechs and aggregators. Agent banking, run through the shared Agent Banking Company platform (22,000+ agents), now facilitates the large majority of cash-in/cash-out activity, and the stalled National Payments Switch procurement remains the central unresolved industry-structure question.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Market concentration",
     "source": "https://nairobionline.com/directory/top-10-banks-in-uganda-by-market-share/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Market structure",
     "source": "https://www.independent.co.ug/national-payment-systems-act-will-new-regulations-deliver-growth-in-fintech-sector/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Agent banking channel share",
     "source": "https://eagle.co.ug/2021/10/20/national-payment-systems-act-will-new-regulations-deliver-growth-in-the-fintech-sector/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Shared agent infrastructure",
     "source": "https://agentbanking.co.ug/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Infrastructure competitive dynamics",
     "source": "https://www.ceo.co.ug/bank-of-ugandas-vital-payments-switch-stuck-in-limbo-amid-lobbying-claims-and-competing-business-interests/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W7",
   "name": "Legal & Litigation",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w7-legal-litigation",
   "standing_position": "Ugandan courts have shaped the payments regime through a landmark 2023 High Court ruling upholding BoU's 2022 crypto-transaction ban as a legitimate exercise of NPSA authority, and a growing body of digital-fraud liability case law (Gabigogo, Egesa, Atiku, Abacus Parenteral) that applies a UK-style Quincecare-duty framework while frequently splitting liability between banks and customers. A 2026 judicial review against the Financial Intelligence Authority over an unexplained account freeze also tests the limits of AML enforcement powers.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Judicial review ruling",
     "source": "https://kandk.co.ug/court-dismisses-cryptocurrencies-case/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Digital fraud liability case law",
     "source": "https://www.afriwise.com/blog/uganda-who-pays-for-digital-fraud-in-banking-courts-draw-the-line",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Shared-liability precedent",
     "source": "https://www.afriwise.com/blog/uganda-who-pays-for-digital-fraud-in-banking-courts-draw-the-line",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "AML enforcement judicial review",
     "source": "https://www.mmaks.co.ug/articles/2026/04/13/uganda-high-court-clarifies-limits-financial-intelligence-authoritys-account",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Historic regulatory-vacuum litigation",
     "source": "https://www.tadvocates.com/blog-single.php?id=28",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W8",
   "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk",
   "standing_position": "Merchant acquiring in Uganda is split between traditional bank acquirers (operating standard chargeback/dispute contracts) and a growing agent/aggregator layer regulated under the Financial Institutions (Agent Banking) Regulations, 2017. High-risk verticals such as gaming and crypto face restricted local acquiring options, pushing them toward offshore facilitators, while fragmented merchant acceptance infrastructure (multiple QR/settlement standards) remains a structural drag that BoU is attempting to resolve via standardisation efforts tied to the delayed National Payments Switch.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Agent/merchant onboarding framework",
     "source": "https://chambers.com/content/item/3266",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "High-risk merchant treatment",
     "source": "https://payatlas.com/countries/uganda-ug",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Chargeback/dispute contract terms",
     "source": "https://www.stanbicbank.co.ug/static_file/Uganda/Downloadable%20files/Application%20docs/Merchant%20Agreement%20Contract%20-%20Uganda%20FINAL%20v.6.v6.pdf",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Merchant acceptance fragmentation",
     "source": "https://www.ceo.co.ug/bank-of-ugandas-vital-payments-switch-stuck-in-limbo-amid-lobbying-claims-and-competing-business-interests/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Agent float/onboarding requirement",
     "source": "https://www.rukapay.co.ug/merchants",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W9",
   "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w9-product-innovation-market-development",
   "standing_position": "Product innovation is concentrated around three fronts: BoU's CBDC pilot and tokenisation drive, the NPSA regulatory sandbox (already used by at least one approved fintech), and a fresh Capital Markets Authority fintech sandbox launched in October 2025. BoU is simultaneously pushing a 'cash-lite' agenda — cutting cheque/cash limits and expanding ACH/RTGS capacity — to force migration onto digital rails.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Regulatory sandbox usage",
     "source": "https://springsadvocates.com/an-overview-of-the-national-payment-systems-act-2020-and-all-regulations-thereunder/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Capital-markets sandbox",
     "source": "https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/uganda-opens-sandbox-to-attract-fintech-founders--5436826",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "RTGS platform modernisation",
     "source": "https://www.fintechfutures.com/instant-real-time-payments/bank-of-uganda-upgrades-rtgs-with-sweden-s-cma",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Cash-lite migration policy",
     "source": "https://www.ceo.co.ug/bank-of-uganda-introduces-new-cheque-and-cash-withdrawal-limits-directs-banks-to-shift-to-digital-transactions/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Tokenisation / CBDC product",
     "source": "https://thepaypers.com/crypto-web3-and-cbdc/news/uganda-unveils-usd-55-bln-tokenised-economy-initiative",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W10",
   "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud",
   "standing_position": "The National Payment Systems (Consumer Protection) Regulations, 2022 anchor formal consumer protection, reinforced by an April 2024 BoU directive mandating national-ID verification for mobile-money transactions of UGX 1 million or more and a 24-hour fraud/breach reporting obligation on providers. Mobile money fraud (SIM-swap, social-engineering, insider collusion) remains a persistent, high-profile risk, with case law increasingly allocating loss between banks and customers rather than imposing strict provider liability.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Customer verification / fraud-mitigation directive",
     "source": "https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/bou-issues-new-rules-for-mobile-money-transactions--4596110",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Fraud/breach notification obligation",
     "source": "https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mobile-money-scam-victim-lifts-lid-on-con-3993870",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "APP/SIM-swap fraud incident",
     "source": "https://www.neuralt.com/news-insights/mobile-money-payment-fraud-on-the-rise",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Liability-allocation case law",
     "source": "https://www.afriwise.com/blog/uganda-who-pays-for-digital-fraud-in-banking-courts-draw-the-line",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Insider-collusion fraud precedent",
     "source": "https://www.cgap.org/blog/fraud-in-uganda-how-millions-were-lost-to-internal-collusion",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W11",
   "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime",
   "standing_position": "sentinel.position: Uganda is assessed by ESAAMLG under the FATF framework and has a documented history of FATF grey-list membership tied to its 2016 mutual evaluation, with the Financial Intelligence Authority as the domestic financial-intelligence unit. A September 2025 FIA virtual-asset risk assessment quantifies substantial unregulated crypto flows as a residual ML/TF exposure, and 2026 case law shows FIA account-freezing powers being actively tested in court. This module carries the Sentinel.gi payments-context position only; no original illicit-finance analysis is performed here.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "FIU enforcement power test",
     "source": "sentinel.mmaks.co.ug/articles/2026/04/13/uganda-high-court-clarifies-limits-financial-intelligence-authoritys-account",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Uganda's AML/CFT/CPF regime rests on the Anti-Money Laundering Act 2013 (amended 2017) and AML Regulations 2015, supervised by the Financial Intelligence Authority (FIA) and Bank of Uganda. Uganda exited FATF increased monitoring in February 2024 and the EU high-risk third-country list in June 2025 after ESAAMLG-verified technical-compliance improvements, but structural exposure persists via gold/mineral transit, EACOP oil finance, and PEP corruption networks.",
     "instrument_type": "assessment",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) per-JID baseline profile — Uganda",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: sourcing-thinness",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-004)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Sanctions: OFSI divergence",
     "instrument_type": "sanctions_change",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) sanctions_change_register (issue FIM-BASE-SANC-002)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: political-constraint",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-003)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: enforcement-absence",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-001)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W12",
   "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access",
   "standing_position": "High-value settlement runs through BoU's RTGS (UNIS/UNISS), open to both banks and non-bank financial institutions, with regional reach via EAPS and COMESA's REPSS (settled in USD/EUR through correspondent-style hard-currency settlement). Foreign-owned banks (Stanbic/Standard Bank Group, Absa, formerly Barclays) remain the principal conduits to global correspondent networks; explicit evidence of correspondent de-risking pressure specific to Uganda was searched for but not found in available sourcing (absent-field).",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "RTGS settlement system",
     "source": "https://archive.bou.or.ug/bou/payment_systems/Uganda_National_Interbank_Settlement_UNIS.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Non-bank RTGS access",
     "source": "https://migrantmoney.uncdf.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Uganda-Infrastructure-Assessment-Report_April2025.pdf",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Regional hard-currency settlement",
     "source": "https://www.bou.or.ug/bouwebsite/PaymentSystems/systems.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Correspondent access via foreign banks",
     "source": "https://bunyorofinancebank.com/foreign-banks-in-uganda/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Settlement channel migration",
     "source": "https://www.ceo.co.ug/bank-of-ugandas-vital-payments-switch-stuck-in-limbo-amid-lobbying-claims-and-competing-business-interests/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W13",
   "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/uganda/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech",
   "standing_position": "The trailing-12-month window (July 2025-July 2026) is dominated by three commercial events: the BoU/CMA Small Systems RTGS modernisation contract, the GSN/Diacente $5.5bn tokenisation and CBDC-pilot partnership, and the stalled/cancelled National Payments Switch procurement — alongside modest but positive fintech equity funding and a new CMA regulatory sandbox for capital-markets fintechs.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event",
     "source": "https://www.fintechfutures.com/instant-real-time-payments/bank-of-uganda-upgrades-rtgs-with-sweden-s-cma",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event",
     "source": "https://www.mariblock.com/uganda-launches-cbdc-pilot-in-5-5-billion-tokenization-drive/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event",
     "source": "https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/uganda-opens-sandbox-to-attract-fintech-founders--5436826",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event",
     "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/geographies/uganda/__aRcH8lYOC74CSa9mr7vgyHhBJWaueYmL8hEEt4Fw9U4",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event",
     "source": "https://www.ceo.co.ug/bank-of-ugandas-vital-payments-switch-stuck-in-limbo-amid-lobbying-claims-and-competing-business-interests/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event",
     "source": "https://www.ceo.co.ug/bank-of-uganda-introduces-new-cheque-and-cash-withdrawal-limits-directs-banks-to-shift-to-digital-transactions/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}