{ "jurisdiction_id": "ES", "jurisdiction": "Spain", "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/spain/", "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0", "date_modified": "2026-08-11", "schema_version": "world-payments-v1", "counts": { "modules": 14, "sourced_findings": 73, "source_register": 149 }, "modules": [ { "code": "W1a", "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access", "confidence": "Confirmed", "moved_this_cycle": true, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/spain/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access", "standing_position": "Spain operates the standard EEA dual-route (bank/PI/EMI) regime under BdE supervision since 2018; 2025-2026 sanctions (Money Exchange SA, Divilo Fintech) show active enforcement of the prudential/own-funds floor.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "primary law (Real Decreto-ley)", "source": "https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2018-16036", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "primary law (historical)", "source": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2009-18118", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "regulator procedure guidance", "source": "https://sedeelectronica.bde.es/sede/es/tramites/autorizacion-entidades-dinero-electronico-p221.html", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "regulator procedure guidance", "source": "https://sedeelectronica.bde.es/sede/es/menu/institucionesfin/autorizacion-al-/autorizacion_de_aa6f1da00495961.html", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "sanction resolution", "source": "https://www.derecho.com/boe/resolucion-de-5-de-mayo-de-2026-del-banco-de-espana-por-la-que-se-publican-las-sanciones-impuestas-por-infracciones-graves-a-money-exchange-sa-y-a-los-miembros-de-su-consejo-de-administracion-890347", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "sanction register", "source": "https://www.bde.es/wbe/en/punto-informacion/contenidos/sanciones-impuestas-banco-espana/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W1b", "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions", "confidence": "Confirmed", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/spain/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions", "standing_position": "RD 712/2010 safeguarding template plus BdE/SEPBLAC June-2025 proportionality guidance on account restriction/closure.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "primary regulation (Real Decreto)", "source": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2010-8551", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "regulator disclosure", "source": "https://www.bde.es/wbe/en/noticias-eventos/blog/reclamar-donde-toca-que-problemas-con-mi-banco-puede-ayudarme-a-resolver-el-banco-de-espana-.html", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "conduct rule summary", "source": "https://country.db.com/spain/reglamentos-para-la-defensa-del-cliente", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "supervisory good-practice guidance", "source": "https://clientebancario.bde.es/pcb/en/blog/restriccion-de-los-servicios-bancarios-por-motivos-relacionados-con-la-prevencion-del-blanqueo-de-capitales-y-de-la-financiacion-del-terrorismo.html", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "sanction resolution", "source": "https://www.derecho.com/boe/resolucion-de-5-de-mayo-de-2026-del-banco-de-espana-por-la-que-se-publican-las-sanciones-impuestas-por-infracciones-graves-a-money-exchange-sa-y-a-los-miembros-de-su-consejo-de-administracion-890347", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W2", "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money", "confidence": "Confirmed", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/spain/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money", "standing_position": "CNMV/BdE split MiCA authority; 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CNMV 74-question FAQ (early 2026); FSB Nov-2025 peer review confirms robust BdE cyber supervision.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "EU regulation (DORA, EU 2022/2554)", "source": "https://www.regulation-dora.eu/what-is-dora", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "regulator FAQ guidance", "source": "https://www.grcreport.com/post/spain-moves-to-demystify-dora-with-74-question-industry-guide", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "FSB peer review", "source": "https://www.fsb.org/2025/11/peer-review-of-spain/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "supervisory powers expansion", "source": "https://www.bde.es/wbe/en/areas-actuacion/sistemas-pago/vigilancia-infraestructuras-mercado/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "supervisory coordination", "source": "https://www.regulation-dora.eu/banking", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W4", "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/spain/#w4-scheme-network-compliance", "standing_position": "Redsys dominant card switch under IFR caps (0.2%/0.3%); 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bank equity consolidation into CASP fintechs (Bit2Me) continues.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "market concentration data", "source": "https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/spain-real-time-payments-market", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "bank-fintech consolidation", "source": "https://www.coinspeaker.com/bankinter-invests-bit2me-tether-funding-round/amp/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "competition-authority proceeding", "source": "https://roams.es/actualidad/finanzas/guerra-hipotecas-fijas-cnmc-expediente-seis-grandes-bancos/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "market structure shift", "source": "https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/spain-real-time-payments-market", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W7", "name": "Legal & Litigation", "confidence": "Confirmed", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/spain/#w7-legal-litigation", "standing_position": "Supreme Court judgment 571/2025 shifts APP-fraud burden of proof to banks; CNMV Banco Sabadell sanction; CNMC antitrust file adds competition-law dimension.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "Supreme Court judgment 571/2025", "source": "https://euroweeklynews.com/2026/03/08/bank-scam-in-spain-supreme-court-says-banks-may-have-to-give-your-money-back/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "sanction resolution", "source": "https://www.derecho.com/boe/resolucion-de-5-de-mayo-de-2026-del-banco-de-espana-por-la-que-se-publican-las-sanciones-impuestas-por-infracciones-graves-a-money-exchange-sa-y-a-los-miembros-de-su-consejo-de-administracion-890347", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "CNMV sanction resolution", "source": "https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-4960", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "antitrust sanctioning file", "source": "https://roams.es/actualidad/finanzas/guerra-hipotecas-fijas-cnmc-expediente-seis-grandes-bancos/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W8", "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/spain/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk", "standing_position": "Redsys dominates card acquiring under IFR-compressed margins; Bizum/Amazon integration signals A2A erosion of card-scheme acquiring volume.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "acquiring infrastructure", "source": "https://redsys.es/en/sobre-nosotros", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "PCI DSS / interchange compliance burden", "source": "https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/spain-payment-gateway-market", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "cross-border acquiring monitoring", "source": "https://competition-policy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-10/IFR_report_card_payment.pdf", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "acquiring channel shift", "source": "https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/spain-real-time-payments-market", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W9", "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/spain/#w9-product-innovation-market-development", "standing_position": "Law 7/2020 sandbox baseline; PSD3 application from 20 Nov 2026; FIDA extends open finance beyond payment accounts; Bizum Pay NFC as flagship product innovation.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "regulatory sandbox law (Law 7/2020)", "source": "https://iclg.com/practice-areas/fintech-laws-and-regulations/spain", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "product launch (NFC instant-transfer POS)", "source": "https://www.euronews.com/business/2026/05/09/spains-bizum-heads-to-the-high-street-to-take-on-visa-and-mastercard", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "PSD3/PSR transposition timeline", "source": "https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/fintech-laws-and-regulations/spain/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "open finance framework (FIDA)", "source": "https://www.embat.io/es/blog/psd3-cambios-directiva", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "CBDC pilot / digital euro", "source": "https://www.bde.es/wbe/en/areas-actuacion/sistemas-pago/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W10", "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud", "confidence": "Confirmed", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/spain/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud", "standing_position": "BdE Complaints Service (15-day SAC, 13-month claim window) plus Supreme Court 571/2025 burden-of-proof reversal and live VoP fraud-prevention mandate.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "Supreme Court APP-fraud liability ruling", "source": "https://euroweeklynews.com/2026/03/08/bank-scam-in-spain-supreme-court-says-banks-may-have-to-give-your-money-back/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "consumer complaint/reimbursement rules", "source": "https://payok.app/blog/prevencion-fraude/reclamacion-banco-de-espana-pasos", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "complaints-service scope disclosure", "source": "https://www.bde.es/wbe/en/noticias-eventos/blog/reclamar-donde-toca-que-problemas-con-mi-banco-puede-ayudarme-a-resolver-el-banco-de-espana-.html", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "fraud-prevention mandate (Verification of Payee)", "source": "https://www.finextra.com/the-long-read/1471/europes-instant-payments-regulation-and-the-9-october-deadline-explained", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "complaints procedure rules", "source": "https://sedeelectronica.bde.es/sede/es/tramites/reclamaciones-transparencia-buenas-practicas-p104.html", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W11", "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime", "confidence": "Assessed", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/spain/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime", "standing_position": "Ley 10/2010/RD 304/2014 AML framework; SEPBLAC FIU; CaixaBank EUR30m AML fine; June-2025 de-risking guidance; no dedicated Sentinel feed queryable this cycle.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "EU AML harmonisation (AMLA RTS)", "source": "https://www.sepblac.es/en/2026/02/18/development_harmonized/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Spain's AML/CFT regime rests on Law 10/2010 and its implementing regulation, with Sepblac acting as both FIU and primary AML/CFT supervisor. FATF rates Spain compliant/largely compliant on 38 of 40 Recommendations and high/substantial on 10 of 11 effectiveness outcomes. CNMV supervises MiCA-authorised crypto firms; the golden-visa residency-by-investment channel was abolished in 2025.", "instrument_type": "assessment", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) per-JID baseline profile — Spain", "source_url": null, "source_tier": null, "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Enforcement: Sepblac — Banco Santander (Openbank digital unit)", "instrument_type": "enforcement_action", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-002)", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Gap: sourcing-thinness", "instrument_type": "gap", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-004)", "source_url": null, "source_tier": null, "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Enforcement: Sepblac — CaixaBank", "instrument_type": "enforcement_action", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-001)", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Gap: legal-gap", "instrument_type": "gap", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-002)", "source_url": null, "source_tier": null, "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Gap: regulatory-failure", "instrument_type": "gap", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-001)", "source_url": null, "source_tier": null, "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Gap: enforcement-absence", "instrument_type": "gap", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-003)", "source_url": null, "source_tier": null, "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W12", "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access", "confidence": "Confirmed", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/spain/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access", "standing_position": "TARGET-BdE RTGS and Iberpay SNCE retail clearing baseline; non-bank PSP direct TARGET access formalised October 2025.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "large-value settlement system (TARGET)", "source": "https://www.bde.es/wbe/en/entidades-profesionales/operativa-gestiones/sistemas-pago-infraestructuras/target-banco-espana/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "non-bank PSP settlement access reform", "source": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/paym/retail/instant_payments/html/instant_payments_regulation.en.html", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "cross-border retail clearing links", "source": "https://www.iberpay.com/en/payments/payment-system-snce/about-the-snce", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "de-risking good-practice guidance", "source": "https://clientebancario.bde.es/pcb/en/blog/restriccion-de-los-servicios-bancarios-por-motivos-relacionados-con-la-prevencion-del-blanqueo-de-capitales-y-de-la-financiacion-del-terrorismo.html", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "securities settlement access", "source": "https://www.bde.es/wbe/en/areas-actuacion/sistemas-pago/sistemas-liquidacion-compensacion-valores/iberclear/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W13", "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/spain/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech", "standing_position": "Bit2Me EUR30M Tether-led round (Aug 2025) with Bankinter joining cap table (Jan 2026); CNMV MiCA CASP wave (6 banks, 5 fintechs).", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "commercial_event: funding round", "source": "https://www.finsmes.com/2025/08/bit2me-raises-30m-in-funding.html", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "commercial_event: strategic investment", "source": "https://www.ledgerinsights.com/bankinter-invests-in-spanish-crypto-exchange-bit2me/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "commercial_event: regulatory licensing wave", "source": "https://crassula.io/es/guides/licenses/mica-casp/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "commercial_event: fintech authorisation", "source": "https://newsletter.dealflow.es/p/dealflowes-511-freepik-is-magnific", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "commercial_event: regulatory sanction publication", "source": "https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-4960", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null } ] } ] }