{
 "jurisdiction_id": "MM",
 "jurisdiction": "Myanmar",
 "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-11",
 "schema_version": "world-payments-v1",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 14,
  "sourced_findings": 64,
  "source_register": 137
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "W1a",
   "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access",
   "standing_position": "Myanmar's payments licensing regime rests on the Financial Institutions Law (2016) for banks/NBFIs and the CBM's 2016 Mobile Financial Services Regulation for non-bank e-money/mobile-wallet issuers, both administered by the Central Bank of Myanmar (CBM). Bank-led and non-bank MFS routes coexist, with a MMK 3 billion minimum capital bar for non-bank MFS licensees. The junta-controlled CBM continues routine licensing, capital-adequacy and FX-dealer authorisation activity, alongside periodic mass revocation of non-compliant FX/money-changer licences.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary statute",
     "source": "https://servicetrade.gov.mm/service/law-detail/financial%20institutions%20law",
     "source_url": "https://servicetrade.gov.mm/service/law-detail/financial%20institutions%20law",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "sectoral regulation",
     "source": "https://servicetrade.gov.mm/service/regulation-detail/regulations-on-mobile-financial-service",
     "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_Money",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "license/authorisation",
     "source": "https://enterslice.com/mm/mobile-financial-service-license",
     "source_url": "https://eng.mizzima.com/2024/03/17/8106",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "license/authorisation",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_Money",
     "source_url": "https://eng.mizzima.com/2024/03/17/8106",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBM directive (Notification 7/2020)",
     "source": "https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/mmqr-payment-mmqr-merchant-acquiring-service-launched",
     "source_url": "https://eng.mizzima.com/2024/03/17/8106",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "licensing enforcement",
     "source": "https://eng.mizzima.com/2024/03/17/8106",
     "source_url": "https://eng.mizzima.com/2024/03/17/8106",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W1b",
   "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions",
   "standing_position": "Safeguarding of MFS customer float is mandated via segregated trust/deposit accounts at partner commercial banks with daily reconciliation duties, tiered KYC limits, and CBM suspension/revocation powers for non-compliance. Post-coup, conduct enforcement has taken on a political-security dimension, with the CBM ordering mass account closures/upgrades framed as fraud prevention but also used to monitor and disrupt suspected anti-junta financial flows.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "safeguarding mechanism",
     "source": "https://servicetrade.gov.mm/service/regulation-detail/regulations-on-mobile-financial-service",
     "source_url": "https://servicetrade.gov.mm/service/regulation-detail/regulations-on-mobile-financial-service",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "conduct/enforcement",
     "source": "https://servicetrade.gov.mm/service/regulation-detail/regulations-on-mobile-financial-service",
     "source_url": "https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/accounts-06052023092340.html",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "conduct enforcement",
     "source": "https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/concerns-over-myanmar-junta-mobile-payment-terms",
     "source_url": "https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/accounts-06052023092340.html",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "conduct/AML enforcement",
     "source": "https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/accounts-06052023092340.html",
     "source_url": "https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/accounts-06052023092340.html",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "customer terms/conduct",
     "source": "https://www.kbzpay.com/en/privacy-policy",
     "source_url": "https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/accounts-06052023092340.html",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W2",
   "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money",
   "standing_position": "Myanmar has no licensing or legislative framework for cryptocurrency or stablecoins; the CBM maintains a blanket prohibition (Directive 9/2020, reiterated in a May 2024 public notice) enforced via account freezes and prosecutions under the AML Law, Financial Institutions Law and CBM Law. In parallel, the CBM formed a Central Committee for the Issuance of a Central Bank Digital Currency (digital kyat) in 2025, while the opposition National Unity Government operates its own de facto stablecoin/CBDC (DMMK/NUGPay) outside CBM control.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBM directive",
     "source": "https://www.tilleke.com/insights/myanmars-central-bank-issues-further-warning-against-crypto-trading/",
     "source_url": "https://www.tilleke.com/insights/myanmars-central-bank-issues-further-warning-against-crypto-trading/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBM directive (Directive 9/2020)",
     "source": "https://www.lightspark.com/knowledge/is-crypto-legal-in-myanmar",
     "source_url": "https://www.dfdl.com/insights/legal-and-tax-updates/central-bank-establishes-digital/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBM Notification 16/2025",
     "source": "https://www.dfdl.com/insights/legal-and-tax-updates/central-bank-establishes-digital/",
     "source_url": "https://www.elliptic.co/blog/the-digital-kyat-tracing-the-cbdc-financing-over-11.5-million-in-civil-war-donations-to-myanmars-opposition",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "parallel/unofficial digital currency",
     "source": "https://www.elliptic.co/blog/the-digital-kyat-tracing-the-cbdc-financing-over-11.5-million-in-civil-war-donations-to-myanmars-opposition",
     "source_url": "https://www.elliptic.co/blog/the-digital-kyat-tracing-the-cbdc-financing-over-11.5-million-in-civil-war-donations-to-myanmars-opposition",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "pending/horizon CBDC infrastructure",
     "source": "https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/china-s-myanmar-project-could-end-us-sanctions",
     "source_url": "https://www.elliptic.co/blog/the-digital-kyat-tracing-the-cbdc-financing-over-11.5-million-in-civil-war-donations-to-myanmars-opposition",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W3",
   "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure",
   "standing_position": "CBM-NET (Myanmar's RTGS/CSD platform, live since January 2016) carries formal Business Continuity Planning guidelines, but the wider payments operating environment suffers acute, recurring operational-resilience stress from conflict-driven telecom infrastructure destruction and government-imposed internet shutdowns, which repeatedly disrupt banking deposit/withdrawal services and mobile-money availability.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "resilience/BCP guidance",
     "source": "https://www.cbm.gov.mm/content/national-payment-system-myanmar",
     "source_url": "https://www.cbm.gov.mm/content/national-payment-system-myanmar",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "operational disruption",
     "source": "https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2024/07/16/no-end-in-sight-situation-of-internet-shutdown-and-infrastructure-damages-in-myanmar",
     "source_url": "https://fulcrum.sg/myanmars-internet-shutdowns-silencing-resistance-in-the-battle-for-connectivity/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "operational disruption",
     "source": "https://fulcrum.sg/myanmars-internet-shutdowns-silencing-resistance-in-the-battle-for-connectivity/",
     "source_url": "https://fulcrum.sg/myanmars-internet-shutdowns-silencing-resistance-in-the-battle-for-connectivity/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "operational disruption / economic impact",
     "source": "https://borgenproject.org/myanmars-internet-shutdowns/",
     "source_url": "https://fulcrum.sg/myanmars-internet-shutdowns-silencing-resistance-in-the-battle-for-connectivity/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "operational disruption / macro shock",
     "source": "https://thefintechtimes.com/myanmar-and-fintech-under-pressure-in-a-fragmented-economy/",
     "source_url": "https://fulcrum.sg/myanmars-internet-shutdowns-silencing-resistance-in-the-battle-for-connectivity/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W4",
   "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w4-scheme-network-compliance",
   "standing_position": "The Myanmar Payment Union (MPU), founded in 2011 by state and private banks under CBM direction, is the domestic card scheme providing ATM/POS switching, with the CBM subsequently permitting international schemes (Visa, Mastercard, JCB, UnionPay) to operate domestically and co-badge with MPU. A published interchange fee structure (0.5% for off-us cash withdrawals from 2022) and standard ATM withdrawal limits exist; PCI-DSS-aligned POS acceptance is provided by acquiring banks and gateways.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "card scheme",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Payment_Union",
     "source_url": "https://www.cbm.gov.mm/content/national-payment-system-myanmar",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "scheme authorisation",
     "source": "https://www.cbm.gov.mm/content/national-payment-system-myanmar",
     "source_url": "https://www.myanmarpaymentunion.com/faqs",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "interchange/network rules",
     "source": "https://www.myanmarpaymentunion.com/faqs",
     "source_url": "https://www.myanmarpaymentunion.com/faqs",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "scheme co-badging",
     "source": "https://www.yomabank.com/en/news-and-activities/yom-bank-launches-the-first-co-badged-mpu-mastercard-debit-card/",
     "source_url": "https://www.myanmarpaymentunion.com/faqs",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W5",
   "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "The Thailand-Myanmar corridor, spanning over 2,400 km and among the 20 largest migration corridors globally, dominates Myanmar's remittance flows, historically reliant on informal hundi channels but increasingly forced into formal banking rails via a 2024 directive requiring migrant workers to remit at least 25% of foreign earnings through official channels. Domestically, the MyanmarPay MMQR national QR interoperability standard (implemented 2022, launched 2025, operated by PayPlus/MyanmarPay Co.) is unifying wallet/bank payment acceptance on Mojaloop-based infrastructure.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "corridor data",
     "source": "https://thailand.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1371/files/documents/2025-03/myanmar_migrants_thailand_jan25_final-1.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://mekongmigration.org/?p=24805",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "forced-remittance directive",
     "source": "https://mekongmigration.org/?p=24805",
     "source_url": "https://www.lightspark.com/knowledge/instant-payments-myanmar",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "corridor/channel data",
     "source": "https://amro-asia.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/AMRO-Analytical-Note_Remittances-in-Myanmar-Recent-Developments-and-Outlook.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.lightspark.com/knowledge/instant-payments-myanmar",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "national QR/interoperability rail",
     "source": "https://www.lightspark.com/knowledge/instant-payments-myanmar",
     "source_url": "https://www.lightspark.com/knowledge/instant-payments-myanmar",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "cross-border rail/partnership",
     "source": "https://www.kbzbank.com/en/remittance/international-remittance/",
     "source_url": "https://www.lightspark.com/knowledge/instant-payments-myanmar",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W6",
   "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Myanmar's banking sector remains capital-constrained and highly concentrated at the top tier, with 77% of the population unbanked. Digital payments are dominated by a handful of super-apps (KBZPay, Wave Money) and bank-linked wallets (AYAPay, CB Pay), overlaid by the CBM's interoperable MMQR standard. Post-coup political risk drove Telenor's exit from Wave Money, while Chinese fintech capital (Ant Group) has entered via minority stakes.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure",
     "source": "https://www.rolandberger.com/en/Media/Myanmar-banking-industry-2025.html",
     "source_url": "https://www.rolandberger.com/en/Media/Myanmar-banking-industry-2025.html",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure",
     "source": "https://www.cbinsights.com/company/digital-money-myanmar",
     "source_url": "https://www.cbinsights.com/company/digital-money-myanmar",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "investment/ownership",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_Money",
     "source_url": "https://www.cbinsights.com/company/digital-money-myanmar",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure",
     "source": "https://marketingmyanmar.com/digital-payment-marketing-in-myanmar-kbzpay-wave-money-ayapay-and-beyond/",
     "source_url": "https://www.cbinsights.com/company/digital-money-myanmar",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W7",
   "name": "Legal & Litigation",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w7-legal-litigation",
   "standing_position": "Enforcement activity centres on CBM licence revocations against non-compliant foreign-exchange dealers/money changers, criminal prosecutions of individuals for crypto-linked currency conversion under the AML and Financial Institutions Laws, and a distinct national-security enforcement track targeting mobile-payment accounts linked to anti-junta financing. Myanmar remains on the FATF blacklist (since October 2022), the most severe multilateral AML/CFT enforcement designation.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement action",
     "source": "https://eng.mizzima.com/2024/03/17/8106",
     "source_url": "https://sanctionslawyers.net/blog-en/the-fatf-grey-list-and-blacklist-complete-guide/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement action",
     "source": "https://www.gnlm.com.mm/cbm-suspends-two-money-changer-licences-for-three-months/",
     "source_url": "https://tokenfollow.com/myanmar-crypto-account-closure-penalties-what-you-need-to-know",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "criminal enforcement",
     "source": "https://tokenfollow.com/myanmar-crypto-account-closure-penalties-what-you-need-to-know",
     "source_url": "https://tokenfollow.com/myanmar-crypto-account-closure-penalties-what-you-need-to-know",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "multilateral designation",
     "source": "https://sanctionslawyers.net/blog-en/the-fatf-grey-list-and-blacklist-complete-guide/",
     "source_url": "https://tokenfollow.com/myanmar-crypto-account-closure-penalties-what-you-need-to-know",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "account closure/enforcement",
     "source": "https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/accounts-06052023092340.html",
     "source_url": "https://tokenfollow.com/myanmar-crypto-account-closure-penalties-what-you-need-to-know",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W8",
   "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk",
   "standing_position": "Merchant acquiring in Myanmar operates under the CBM's Merchant Acquiring Service directive (Notification 7/2020), with bank acquirers (e.g. Yoma Bank, MOB, AYA) and four CBM-authorised non-bank acquirers running POS/QR acceptance alongside international gateways such as 2C2P. Merchant discount rates (MDR), Know-Your-Merchant (KYM) onboarding, and same-day/T+1 settlement cycles are standard; consumer/merchant dispute and chargeback frameworks remain thinly documented in public sources.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "merchant acquiring directive",
     "source": "https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/mmqr-payment-mmqr-merchant-acquiring-service-launched",
     "source_url": "https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/mmqr-payment-mmqr-merchant-acquiring-service-launched",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "acquiring operations",
     "source": "https://www.yomabank.com/en/business/pos-payment/",
     "source_url": "https://www.yomabank.com/en/business/pos-payment/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "acquiring operations",
     "source": "https://www.mobmyanmar.com/?page_id=3110",
     "source_url": "https://www.yomabank.com/en/business/pos-payment/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "gateway/e-commerce acquiring",
     "source": "https://www.hulkapps.com/blogs/shopify-payment-providers/2c2p-payment-gateway-shopify-integration-in-myanmar",
     "source_url": "https://www.yomabank.com/en/business/pos-payment/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W9",
   "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w9-product-innovation-market-development",
   "standing_position": "Product innovation centres on the CBM's national interoperability push (MMQR/PayPlus, built on Mojaloop) and the nascent digital-kyat CBDC pilot under the newly formed Central Committee for CBDC Issuance. Historical blockchain-remittance pilots (Everex) and super-app expansion (KBZPay mini-apps) round out the innovation picture, occurring against a backdrop of sanctions, conflict, and currency instability that constrain investor-backed fintech build-out.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "national interoperability rail",
     "source": "https://www.lightspark.com/knowledge/instant-payments-myanmar",
     "source_url": "https://www.dfdl.com/insights/legal-and-tax-updates/central-bank-establishes-digital/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBDC pilot (pending/horizon)",
     "source": "https://www.dfdl.com/insights/legal-and-tax-updates/central-bank-establishes-digital/",
     "source_url": "https://www.fintechfutures.com/blockchain-crypto-digital-assets/everex-to-create-myanmar-thailand-blockchain-payments-corridor",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "product pilot",
     "source": "https://www.fintechfutures.com/blockchain-crypto-digital-assets/everex-to-create-myanmar-thailand-blockchain-payments-corridor",
     "source_url": "https://www.fintechfutures.com/blockchain-crypto-digital-assets/everex-to-create-myanmar-thailand-blockchain-payments-corridor",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "product expansion",
     "source": "https://marketingmyanmar.com/digital-payment-marketing-in-myanmar-kbzpay-wave-money-ayapay-and-beyond/",
     "source_url": "https://www.fintechfutures.com/blockchain-crypto-digital-assets/everex-to-create-myanmar-thailand-blockchain-payments-corridor",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W10",
   "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud",
   "standing_position": "Consumer protection is largely embedded in tiered KYC/transaction-limit rules and provider terms-of-service rather than a dedicated APP-fraud reimbursement regime. Myanmar simultaneously hosts one of the world's largest cyber-scam/pig-butchering industries operating from its Thai-border special economic zones, exploiting crypto (particularly USDT) and mobile-wallet rails to move fraud proceeds, with no formal consumer redress mechanism for victims and provider terms disclaiming liability.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "KYC/consumer tier limits",
     "source": "https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/concerns-over-myanmar-junta-mobile-payment-terms",
     "source_url": "https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/concerns-over-myanmar-junta-mobile-payment-terms",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "consumer terms/liability",
     "source": "https://www.kbzpay.com/en/privacy-policy",
     "source_url": "https://www.biocatch.com/blog/exposing-asias-shadow-banking-ecosystem-osint-insights-into-myanmars-cyber-scam-economy",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "fraud typology",
     "source": "https://www.biocatch.com/blog/exposing-asias-shadow-banking-ecosystem-osint-insights-into-myanmars-cyber-scam-economy",
     "source_url": "https://www.biocatch.com/blog/exposing-asias-shadow-banking-ecosystem-osint-insights-into-myanmars-cyber-scam-economy",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "fraud/consumer harm scale",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Park",
     "source_url": "https://www.biocatch.com/blog/exposing-asias-shadow-banking-ecosystem-osint-insights-into-myanmars-cyber-scam-economy",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W11",
   "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime",
   "standing_position": "W11 baseline content is Sentinel.gi-fed per methodology; this collector pass did not have access to a proprietary Sentinel.gi feed export for Myanmar. Publicly available regulatory posture is carried as context only: Myanmar's AML/CFT framework rests on the Anti-Money Laundering Law (2014) and the CBM's 2017 AML/CFT regulatory and supervisory framework, and Myanmar has remained on the FATF blacklist since October 2022 -- the most severe multilateral designation, alongside Iran and North Korea.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "AML/CFT regulatory instrument",
     "source": "https://www.lightspark.com/knowledge/is-crypto-legal-in-myanmar",
     "source_url": "https://www.lightspark.com/knowledge/is-crypto-legal-in-myanmar",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": "Myanmar remains on FATF's Call for Action (black) list since October 2022; military junta controls AML/CFT institutions post-coup. No functioning public beneficial ownership register; jade/gemstone licensing frozen since 2020 but informally exploited. Junta-run FIU capacity degraded by conflict, state capture, and sanctions isolation. Border-region armed groups (BGF/KNA/DKBA) run parallel scam-compound economies with alleged military complicity.",
     "instrument_type": "assessment",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) per-JID baseline profile — Myanmar",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: sourcing-thinness",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-004)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Sanctions: EU listing",
     "instrument_type": "sanctions_change",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) sanctions_change_register (issue FIM-BASE-SANC-001)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Sanctions: OFSI divergence",
     "instrument_type": "sanctions_change",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) sanctions_change_register (issue FIM-BASE-SANC-002)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: legal-gap",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-002)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: enforcement-absence",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-001)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W12",
   "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access",
   "standing_position": "Myanmar's correspondent banking access has deteriorated sharply since the 2021 coup and the October 2022 FATF blacklisting, compounded by targeted OFAC sanctions on the two primary state-owned FX-conduit banks (MFTB and MICB, June 2023) and broad de-risking by international correspondent banks. Remaining FX access runs through a shrinking pool of authorised-dealer private banks and the state-owned Myanma Economic Bank, which retains a limited correspondent network.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "sanctions designation",
     "source": "https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1555",
     "source_url": "https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1555",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "sanctions/de-risking",
     "source": "https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-investment-climate-statements/burma",
     "source_url": "https://www.usasean.org/article/us-treasury-announces-sanctions-against-two-myanmar-state-owned-banks",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "multilateral access constraint",
     "source": "https://sanctionslawyers.net/blog-en/the-fatf-grey-list-and-blacklist-complete-guide/",
     "source_url": "https://www.usasean.org/article/us-treasury-announces-sanctions-against-two-myanmar-state-owned-banks",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "correspondent network data",
     "source": "https://www.usasean.org/article/us-treasury-announces-sanctions-against-two-myanmar-state-owned-banks",
     "source_url": "https://www.usasean.org/article/us-treasury-announces-sanctions-against-two-myanmar-state-owned-banks",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W13",
   "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech",
   "confidence": "Possible",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/myanmar/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech",
   "standing_position": "Sanctions, conflict and currency instability have severely constrained conventional M&A/investment activity in Myanmar's payments sector over the trailing 12 months; identified discrete commercial events are concentrated in regulatory-driven product initiatives (CBDC committee) and incumbent super-app marketing/product expansion rather than third-party capital transactions.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event",
     "source": "https://www.dfdl.com/insights/legal-and-tax-updates/central-bank-establishes-digital/",
     "source_url": "https://www.dfdl.com/insights/legal-and-tax-updates/central-bank-establishes-digital/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event",
     "source": "https://marketingmyanmar.com/digital-payment-marketing-in-myanmar-kbzpay-wave-money-ayapay-and-beyond/",
     "source_url": "https://marketingmyanmar.com/digital-payment-marketing-in-myanmar-kbzpay-wave-money-ayapay-and-beyond/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}