{
 "jurisdiction_id": "MZ",
 "jurisdiction": "Mozambique",
 "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-11",
 "schema_version": "world-payments-v1",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 14,
  "sourced_findings": 72,
  "source_register": 116
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "W1a",
   "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access",
   "standing_position": "Banco de Mocambique (BdM) is the primary payments regulator. Aviso No. 1/GBM/2026 established SPIM/METIX (live 2 March 2026, operated by SIMO); Aviso No. 2/GBM/2026 reset Rede Unica de Pagamentos connection rules, revoking Aviso No. 2/GBM/2015; BdM separately imposed aggregate outbound card-payment limits (6M MZN/year).",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary law + implementing decree",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/licensing/licensing-of-institutions/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/licensing/licensing-of-institutions/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "implementing decree",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/licensing/licensing-of-institutions/",
     "source_url": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "organic law",
     "source": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_url": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary law",
     "source": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_url": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "sectoral licensing (e-money)",
     "source": "https://www.mozambiqueexpert.com/en/mozambiqu-mobile-money-operators-mmo/",
     "source_url": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "registration regime (VASP)",
     "source": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_url": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary banking law",
     "source": "https://www.mozambiqueexpert.com/en/mozambique-banking-sector/",
     "source_url": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W1b",
   "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions",
   "standing_position": "BdM directly supervises market conduct of all credit institutions, financial companies and IMEs via Notices (e.g. 8/GBM/2021 on contractual terms/transparency, 9/GBM/2020 on complaints handling) issued under Law 20/2020. Depositor protection runs through a formal Deposit Guarantee Fund (FGD) established in 2024, though a dedicated EMI-specific safeguarding/segregation regime for e-money float remains less codified than the bank-deposit regime.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "conduct notice",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/supervision/conduct/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/supervision/conduct/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "complaints handling notice",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/supervision/conduct/",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "deposit guarantee regulation",
     "source": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "resolution regime",
     "source": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://responsiblefinance.worldbank.org/content/dam/documents/responsible-finance/Mozambique-Diagnostic-Review---Banking-and-Non-Banking-Credit-Institutions---V-II.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-central-bank-fines-nine-financial-institutions-for-violating-regulations-275645/",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W2",
   "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money",
   "standing_position": "Mozambique has no dedicated stablecoin or crypto-asset law. Cryptocurrency use is legal but unregulated in substance: BdM warned against Bitcoin in 2018, does not currently regulate or monitor crypto transactions in a comprehensive way, but since 2023 requires VASPs (including entities touching stablecoin exchange, custody or transfer) to register under Aviso No. 4/GBM/2023. No CBDC pilot was identified for Mozambique in current sources.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://freemanlaw.com/cryptocurrency/mozambique/",
     "source_url": "https://cryptovanguards.com/best-crypto-exchanges-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "VASP registration (Aviso 4/GBM/2023)",
     "source": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_url": "https://cryptovanguards.com/best-crypto-exchanges-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://cryptovanguards.com/best-crypto-exchanges-in-mozambique/",
     "source_url": "https://cryptovanguards.com/best-crypto-exchanges-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.transfi.com/blog/stablecoin-payments-in-mozambique-unlocking-crypto-remittances-and-local-payments",
     "source_url": "https://cryptovanguards.com/best-crypto-exchanges-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://blog.mexc.com/wiki/is-crypto-legal-in-mozambique/",
     "source_url": "https://cryptovanguards.com/best-crypto-exchanges-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W3",
   "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure",
   "standing_position": "Mozambique's operational-resilience regime is emergent: a 2018 vendor licensing dispute caused a nationwide SIMORede payment-system blackout, exposing third-party dependency risk. Parliament unanimously approved a Cybersecurity Law in April 2026, and the government is mapping Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) with World Bank support, alongside INTIC-led cybersecurity/cybercrime frameworks and a national CSIRT integrated into FIRST.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Cybersecurity Law",
     "source": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-digital-economy",
     "source_url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.mozambiqueexpert.com/en/mozambique-banking-sector/",
     "source_url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://furtherafrica.com/2026/03/24/risk-management-resilience-mozambique/",
     "source_url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W4",
   "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w4-scheme-network-compliance",
   "standing_position": "The national card/payment switch is operated by SIMO (Sociedade Interbancária de Moçambique) in partnership with US firm Euronet, which has replaced the legacy SIMOrede platform since 2018/2023 to bring ATM/POS infrastructure into line with international contactless standards. Visa dominates card acceptance (over 90% share) while the Euronet migration caused recurring Mastercard acceptance disruption. Mozambique also participates in the SADC-RTGS/SIRESS regional card-scheme cooperation network.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-digital-economy",
     "source_url": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.oficinatic.com/en/novas/mastercard-status-mocambique/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regional settlement scheme",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/payment-systems/cooperation-with-the-market/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "scheme rulebook (Notice 1/GBM/2026)",
     "source": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W5",
   "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Mozambique's primary formal cross-border corridor runs through the SADC-RTGS (ZAR-denominated) settlement system, joined in 2016, alongside potential PAPSS/COMESA REPSS interlinking. Formal remittance volumes from South Africa to Mozambique have declined sharply (down 36% since a 2022 peak), pushing flows toward informal channels, even as the new domestic instant-payment system (SPIM/METIX) went live in 2026 to modernise retail transfers.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/cross-border-payments-conference/documents/paper-sa-sadc.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.resbank.co.za/en/home/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/SADC-RTGS",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regional RTGS scheme",
     "source": "https://www.resbank.co.za/en/home/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/SADC-RTGS",
     "source_url": "https://aimnews.org/2026/03/16/banco-central-lanca-sistema-de-pagamentos-instantaneos/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Notice 1/GBM/2026",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_url": "https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/cross-border-payments-conference/documents/paper-sa-sadc.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "METIX platform",
     "source": "https://aimnews.org/2026/03/16/banco-central-lanca-sistema-de-pagamentos-instantaneos/",
     "source_url": "https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/cross-border-payments-conference/documents/paper-sa-sadc.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "PAPSS interlinking",
     "source": "https://www.boz.zm/payment-systems/regional-payment-systems",
     "source_url": "https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/cross-border-payments-conference/documents/paper-sa-sadc.pdf",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W6",
   "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Mozambique's financial sector is bank-dominated by three institutions (Millennium BIM, BCI, Standard Bank) controlling over 70% of assets, alongside 15 commercial banks and 12 microbanks in total; but usage is dominated by mobile money, with three MNO-affiliated IMEs (M-Pesa, e-Mola, M-Kesh) covering far more accounts than traditional banks. The standalone fintech/startup ecosystem remains nascent and largely telecom/bank-linked rather than venture-driven.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.mozambiqueexpert.com/en/mozambique-banking-sector/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.mozambiqueexpert.com/en/mozambiqu-mobile-money-operators-mmo/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://thefintechtimes.com/fintech-in-the-east-african-nation-of-mozambique-in-2026/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/explore/fintech-startups-in-mozambique/__yCpaKPFTlkZqAiiUSM-AykzOdW_XbrZPYNwVJfO4-8A#top-companies",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W7",
   "name": "Legal & Litigation",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w7-legal-litigation",
   "standing_position": "The dominant financial-sector litigation touching Mozambique is the 'tuna bonds' hidden-debt scandal: state-guaranteed loans from Credit Suisse/VTB were later ruled illegal, leading to a 2024 English High Court judgment substantially in Mozambique's favour and a US$3.1bn award against Privinvest, alongside Credit Suisse's own ~$500m global regulatory settlement and the 2024 US conviction of former finance minister Manuel Chang. Domestically, BdM's administrative-sanctions regime is active, with recurring fines against banks and IMEs for prudential, AML/CFT, forex and consumer-protection breaches.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna_bonds",
     "source_url": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/credit-suisse-resolves-fraudulent-mozambique-loan-case-547-million-coordinated-global",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/supply-trade/mozambique-wins-usd-3-1-billion-in-lawsuit-over-tuna-bond-scandal",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/kahpjmb1/fines-imposed-on-credit-institutions.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/credit-suisse-resolves-fraudulent-mozambique-loan-case-547-million-coordinated-global",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/kahpjmb1/fines-imposed-on-credit-institutions.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/kahpjmb1/fines-imposed-on-credit-institutions.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/kahpjmb1/fines-imposed-on-credit-institutions.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/bank-of-mozambique-sanctions-commercial-banks-and-managers-aim-report-251316/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/kahpjmb1/fines-imposed-on-credit-institutions.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-central-bank-fines-nine-financial-institutions-for-violating-regulations-275645/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/kahpjmb1/fines-imposed-on-credit-institutions.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W8",
   "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk",
   "standing_position": "Merchant acquiring in Mozambique runs through the SIMO/Euronet national switch connecting banks and EMIs to POS/ATM infrastructure. Physical card-acceptance infrastructure has contracted slightly even as digital-wallet usage surges: POS terminals fell from 35,470 to 33,191 and ATMs from 1,413 to 1,399 in the year to November, while the ongoing Mastercard/Visa migration has created intermittent card-acceptance risk for merchants and cardholders.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.mozambiqueexpert.com/en/mozambiqu-mobile-money-operators-mmo/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.oficinatic.com/en/novas/mastercard-status-mocambique/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W9",
   "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w9-product-innovation-market-development",
   "standing_position": "BdM actively promotes innovation via a Regulatory Sandbox (established 2018, now in its 7th edition as of late 2025) and an Innovation Hub, under the umbrella of the National Financial Inclusion Strategy 2025-2031. The flagship 2026 product launch is the Instant Payment System (SPIM/METIX), alongside earlier 2021-2022 mobile-money interoperability between M-Pesa, e-Mola and M-Kesh.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Regulatory Sandbox",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/unlafn3l/comunicado_sandbox-7%C2%AA-edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/unlafn3l/comunicado_sandbox-7%C2%AA-edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/edrlrwxe/communiqu%C3%A9-interoperability-of-mobile-money-operators-in-effect-mkesh-m-pesa-and-e-mola.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W10",
   "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud",
   "standing_position": "Consumer protection is delivered through BdM's own conduct-supervision and complaints-handling function (Notices 8/GBM/2021 and 9/GBM/2020), with no separate specialised financial-consumer agency. Complaint data show ATM-related issues (funds not dispensed but debited) as the leading complaint category. No dedicated APP-fraud mandatory-reimbursement regime akin to the UK/PSR model was identified; this is recorded as an absent field.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/educational/financial-consumer-portal/market-conduct-and-consumer-protection/",
     "source_url": "https://responsiblefinance.worldbank.org/content/dam/documents/responsible-finance/Mozambique-Diagnostic-Review---Banking-and-Non-Banking-Credit-Institutions---V-II.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://360mozambique.com/economy/banking/bank-of-mozambique-fines-nine-financial-institutions-for-breaches-of-regulations/",
     "source_url": "https://360mozambique.com/economy/banking/bank-of-mozambique-fines-nine-financial-institutions-for-breaches-of-regulations/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://responsiblefinance.worldbank.org/content/dam/documents/responsible-finance/Mozambique-Diagnostic-Review---Banking-and-Non-Banking-Credit-Institutions---V-II.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://360mozambique.com/economy/banking/bank-of-mozambique-fines-nine-financial-institutions-for-breaches-of-regulations/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/supervision/conduct/",
     "source_url": "https://360mozambique.com/economy/banking/bank-of-mozambique-fines-nine-financial-institutions-for-breaches-of-regulations/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W11",
   "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime",
   "standing_position": "Sentinel position: Mozambique was FATF grey-listed October 2022-October 2025 for AML/CFT deficiencies, completing all 26 action-plan items before being delisted alongside South Africa, Nigeria and Burkina Faso. New AML/CFT laws (14/2023, 15/2023) replaced the prior 2022 regime, GIFiM remains the financial-intelligence unit, and BdM has imposed transaction-limit tiers on e-money institutions given an assessed 'high' terrorism-financing threat level in that sector.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "sentinel.gi/mozambique-bdm-aml-fines",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Mozambique's AML/CFT regime is anchored in its Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Law, supervised by Banco de Moçambique and the national FIU (GIFiM). <cite index=\"119-1\">Mozambique strengthened the effectiveness of its AML/CFT regime to meet the commitments in its action plan regarding the strategic deficiencies that the FATF identified in October 2022</cite>, resulting in removal from the FATF grey list in October 2025, though capacity gaps persist in BO collection, FIU resourcing, and supervision of extractive and NPO sectors.",
     "instrument_type": "assessment",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) per-JID baseline profile — Mozambique",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: sourcing-thinness",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-003)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Enforcement: Swiss Federal Criminal Court — UBS Group AG (as successor to Credit Suisse)",
     "instrument_type": "enforcement_action",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-005)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: enforcement-absence",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-001)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: capacity-deficit",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-002)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W12",
   "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access",
   "standing_position": "Mozambique's principal cross-border settlement access runs through SADC-RTGS (joined 2016), with potential extension via PAPSS/COMESA REPSS interlinking, reducing reliance on traditional correspondent banking for regional flows. Direct US-dollar correspondent banking access is limited (no US banks physically present in Mozambique), and the broader global de-risking trend affecting African/emerging-market correspondent relationships is a structural background risk for Mozambique's cross-border payment access.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.resbank.co.za/en/home/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/SADC-RTGS",
     "source_url": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_url": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.trustsphere.ai/post/the-de-risking-dilemma-balancing-correspondent-banking-access-with-financial-crime-controls",
     "source_url": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.boz.zm/payment-systems/regional-payment-systems",
     "source_url": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W13",
   "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech",
   "standing_position": "Mozambique's payments/fintech commercial-intelligence flow over the trailing 12 months is limited but active: South African B2B lending-as-a-service fintech Kuunda expanded into Mozambique and secured a US$7.5m pre-Series A round (continent-wide, including Mozambique) in late 2025; savings-group fintech Roscas secured investment from Renew Capital; and the domestic startup base remains small (13 fintech companies per Tracxn, only 1 funded, 1 acquisition).",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_url": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_url": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/explore/fintech-startups-in-mozambique/__yCpaKPFTlkZqAiiUSM-AykzOdW_XbrZPYNwVJfO4-8A#top-companies",
     "source_url": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_url": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}