{ "jurisdiction_id": "KZ", "jurisdiction": "Kazakhstan", "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/", "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0", "date_modified": "2026-08-11", "schema_version": "world-payments-v1", "counts": { "modules": 14, "sourced_findings": 75, "source_register": 147 }, "modules": [ { "code": "W1a", "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access", "confidence": "Confirmed", "moved_this_cycle": true, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access", "standing_position": "Kazakhstan's payments market access runs on a dual track: the national regime under the Law on Payments and Payment Systems (registration/licensing via the National Bank of Kazakhstan, NBK) and the parallel AIFC/AFSA regime for fintech and digital-asset firms. A wholesale replacement of the 1995 Banking Law was adopted by Parliament in Dec 2025 introducing a two-tier bank licensing system, pending presidential signature and entry into force.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "primary statute", "source": "https://www.adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/Z1600000011", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "registration regime", "source": "https://nationalbank.kz/en/news/uchetnaya-registraciya-platezhnoy-organizacii", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "primary statute (pending signature)", "source": "https://www.bakermckenzie.com/en/insight/publications/2026/01/kazakhstan-new-banking-law-signals-major-reform", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "licensing threshold", "source": "https://astanatimes.com/2025/10/kazakhstans-new-banking-rules-innovation-or-more-oversight/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "licensing capital requirement", "source": "https://ybcase.com/en/fintech/licenzia-plateznogo-operatora-v-kazahstane", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "4", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "parallel special-economic-zone regime", "source": "https://afsa.aifc.kz/afsa-announces-new-rulebook-on-digital-asset-activities-3/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W1b", "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions", "standing_position": "Conduct regulation is being substantially rebuilt under the pending New Banking Law, which introduces behavioural supervision, mandatory suitability/disclosure duties, and a unified pretrial dispute-resolution ombudsman. Agent liability and joint-and-several responsibility rules already apply to payment organisations under existing law.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "conduct regime (pending)", "source": "https://astanatimes.com/2025/10/kazakhstans-new-banking-rules-innovation-or-more-oversight/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "dispute-resolution mechanism (pending)", "source": "https://qazinform.com/news/one-ombudsman-one-system-kazakhstan-reshapes-financial-dispute-resolution-796606", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "promotions/conduct rule (pending)", "source": "https://astanatimes.com/2025/10/kazakhstans-new-banking-rules-innovation-or-more-oversight/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "agent-liability rule", "source": "https://iclg.com/practice-areas/digital-business-laws-and-regulations/kazakhstan/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "safeguarding/conduct measure", "source": "https://afi-global.org/news/kazakhstan-is-strengthening-consumer-protection-for-digital-financial-services/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W2", "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money", "standing_position": "Kazakhstan runs a bifurcated digital-asset regime: unsecured digital assets (crypto) are generally confined to the AIFC under the Law on Digital Assets (No.193-VII, in force since April 2023), while a 2025 amendment opened nationwide crypto circulation, and a separate DFA/stablecoin bill and the pending New Banking Law formalise digital tenge and stablecoin issuance under NBK oversight.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "primary statute", "source": "https://www.lightspark.com/knowledge/is-crypto-legal-in-kazakhstan", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "draft statute (pending)", "source": "https://astanatimes.com/2025/09/kazakhstan-to-introduce-legal-framework-for-digital-financial-assets-including-stablecoins/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "AIFC rulebook", "source": "https://afsa.aifc.kz/afsa-announces-new-rulebook-on-digital-asset-activities-3/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "amending statute", "source": "https://coinpaper.com/12421/kazakhstan-opens-door-to-nationwide-crypto-use-with-new-law", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "licensing milestone", "source": "https://www.bitget.com/amp/news/detail/12560605487419", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "primary statute (pending)", "source": "https://www.bakermckenzie.com/en/insight/publications/2026/01/kazakhstan-new-banking-law-signals-major-reform", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W3", "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure", "standing_position": "Operational resilience runs through the 2015 Informatization Law's critical-infrastructure cyber-risk obligations, the 2023-2029 national Digital Transformation/Cybersecurity Concept, and NBK's 2022 mandatory cybersecurity-protocol directive to financial institutions, reinforced by the 2024 NBK Anti-Fraud Center.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "primary statute", "source": "https://ncsi.ega.ee/country/kz/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "national strategy", "source": "https://ncsi.ega.ee/country/kz/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "regulator mandate", "source": "https://www.csis.org/analysis/building-dpi-lessons-learned-kazakhstan", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "open banking / resilience pilot", "source": "https://nationalbank.kz/en/page/Digital-Financial-Infrastructure", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "posture/index", "source": "https://www.csis.org/analysis/building-digital-public-infrastructure-lessons-learned-kazakhstan", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W4", "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w4-scheme-network-compliance", "standing_position": "Card-scheme and interbank network compliance sits on the NBK Payment Systems Registry (systemically-important/important classifications), with Visa itself classified as an important payment system domestically; PCI DSS applies as the standard scheme-level data-security mandate for any card-data-handling entity, enforced by Visa/Mastercard rather than a domestic regulator.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "systemic designation", "source": "https://nationalbank.kz/en/news/reestr-platezhnyh-sistem", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "scheme registry designation", "source": "https://nationalbank.kz/en/news/reestr-platezhnyh-sistem", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "registry", "source": "https://nationalbank.kz/en/news/reestr-platezhnyh-sistem", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "scheme technical standard", "source": "https://corporate.visa.com/en/resources/security-compliance.html", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W5", "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics", "standing_position": "Kazakhstan's principal payment corridors run through CIS/Russia rails (SPFS messaging, Russia's SBP fast-payment cross-border expansion) and the emerging Trans-Caspian/Middle Corridor trade route, with digital-tenge cross-border pilots via SWIFT's CBDC Connector as a forward-looking rail. EU sanctions have begun to sever a Kazakh bank's connection to Russian payment/messaging rails.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "cross-border rail", "source": "https://russiaspivottoasia.com/russias-fast-payment-system-via-phone-set-to-expand-into-the-global-south/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "messaging rail", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPFS", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "remittance corridor data", "source": "https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/event-documents/Remittances_in_NCA_ENG_20241126.pdf", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "trade/settlement corridor", "source": "https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/the-middle-corridor-a-route-born-of-the-new-eurasian-geopolitics/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "CBDC cross-border pilot", "source": "https://www.financialprotectionforum.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/14.%20English_Kazakhstan%20-%20Experience%20digital%20payments.pdf", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "sanctions action affecting corridor", "source": "https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/10/23/19th-package-of-sanctions-against-russia-eu-targets-russian-energy-third-country-banks-and-crypto-providers/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W6", "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics", "standing_position": "The market is bank-led rather than startup-led: 23 licensed second-tier banks, with Halyk Bank, Kaspi Bank and Bank CenterCredit as the dominant three, and Kaspi/Halyk together processing roughly 80% of payments. Fintech growth has been achieved primarily through incumbent banks building super-app ecosystems rather than standalone disruptors.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "market structure", "source": "https://grokipedia.com/page/List_of_banks_in_Kazakhstan", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "4", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "concentration data", "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/kazakhstan-trade-financing", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "digital payments dominance", "source": "https://grokipedia.com/page/List_of_banks_in_Kazakhstan", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "4", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "market share", "source": "https://nextgeninvestors.substack.com/p/initial-report-kaspikz-nasdaq-kspi", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "4", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "market structure", "source": "https://thefintechtimes.com/the-fintech-landscape-of-kazakhstan-in-2026/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "private-company signal", "source": "https://matrixbcg.com/blogs/competitors/halykbank", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "4", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W7", "name": "Legal & Litigation", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w7-legal-litigation", "standing_position": "The dominant legal/enforcement theme is sanctions-driven: EU and US measures against Russian-linked banks operating in Kazakhstan (VTB, Sberbank, Alfa-Bank subsidiaries) have forced restructurings, asset freezes and a 2025 transaction ban, while domestic criminal law was amended to criminalise money-mule conduct.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "sanctions enforcement", "source": "https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/10/23/19th-package-of-sanctions-against-russia-eu-targets-russian-energy-third-country-banks-and-crypto-providers/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "sanctions/enforcement status", "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/kazakhstan-trade-financing", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "enforcement/asset freeze", "source": "https://news.am/eng/news/703413.html", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "enforcement posture", "source": "https://timesca.com/kazakhstans-banking-system-and-the-logic-of-early-enforcement/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "criminal law amendment", "source": "https://hcsbk.kz/en/most-important/antifraud/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W8", "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk", "confidence": "Assessed", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk", "standing_position": "Domestic merchant-acquiring regulation is thin in the public record beyond the general payment-organisation licensing/agent-liability regime and scheme-level PCI DSS obligations; no Kazakhstan-specific interchange cap, surcharging rule, or high-risk-MCC regime was identified in this pass.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "agent liability rule", "source": "https://iclg.com/practice-areas/digital-business-laws-and-regulations/kazakhstan/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "acquiring service scope", "source": "https://ybcase.com/en/fintech/licenzia-plateznogo-operatora-v-kazahstane", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "4", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "scheme risk control overlay", "source": "https://corporate.visa.com/en/resources/security-compliance.html", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W9", "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w9-product-innovation-market-development", "standing_position": "Kazakhstan runs one of the most advanced CBDC and open-banking programmes in the post-Soviet space: the digital tenge is in live/limited-production use for public-finance scenarios, a digital-asset regulatory sandbox is running its first cohort, and Open API/Open Banking is mid-pilot ahead of 2026 product-API rollout. NBK's Instant Payment System (IPS, launched June 2022) underpins phone-number/QR P2P and merchant payment scenarios.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "CBDC pilot/launch", "source": "https://cbdctracker.hrf.org/currency/kazakhstan", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "regulatory sandbox", "source": "https://www.globalgovernmentfintech.com/kazakhstan-regulatory-sandbox-digital-assets-first-projects/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "open banking pilot", "source": "https://astanatimes.com/2025/08/kazakhstan-becomes-regional-fintech-leader-as-startups-quadruple/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "instant payment rail launch", "source": "https://nationalbank.kz/en/news/press-relizy/13764", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "QR/product growth", "source": "https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/fintech-laws-and-regulations/kazakhstan/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W10", "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud", "standing_position": "Consumer protection is consolidating around a forthcoming Unified Financial Ombudsman and a 2025 package of anti-fraud legislative amendments (biometric first-loan ID, loan opt-out, money-mule criminalisation, NBK Anti-Fraud Center) rather than a UK-style mandatory APP-fraud reimbursement scheme.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "complaints/ombudsman route (pending)", "source": "https://qazinform.com/news/one-ombudsman-one-system-kazakhstan-reshapes-financial-dispute-resolution-796606", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "anti-fraud infrastructure", "source": "https://www.csis.org/analysis/building-dpi-lessons-learned-kazakhstan", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "2", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "criminal law protection", "source": "https://hcsbk.kz/en/most-important/antifraud/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "consumer safeguard measure", "source": "https://afi-global.org/news/kazakhstan-is-strengthening-consumer-protection-for-digital-financial-services/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "disclosure/promotion rule (pending)", "source": "https://astanatimes.com/2025/10/kazakhstans-new-banking-rules-innovation-or-more-oversight/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W11", "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": false, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime", "standing_position": "Sentinel.gi payments-context position: Kazakhstan underwent a significant Nov 2025 AML tightening (money-mule criteria, crypto-wallet high-risk registry, unlicensed-exchange blocking) against a backdrop of a 2023 Mutual Evaluation rating it Substantially Effective on most FATF effectiveness criteria and not currently on any FATF deficiency list.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "supervisory authority", "source": "https://egov.kz/cms/en/information/state_agencies/nadsor_control", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Kazakhstan is assessed by the Eurasian Group (EAG), not FATF directly, under its 2023 Mutual Evaluation Report. The Agency for Financial Monitoring is the FIU/policy lead. Legal-person BO transparency is largely compliant, but legal-arrangement transparency and FI supervision remain weak (R.26 non-compliant). EAEU membership and border-free trade with Russia create structural sanctions-evasion exposure managed unevenly by a domestic Specific Goods Law licensing regime.", "instrument_type": "assessment", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) per-JID baseline profile — Kazakhstan", "source_url": null, "source_tier": null, "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Gap: sourcing-thinness", "instrument_type": "gap", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-003)", "source_url": null, "source_tier": null, "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Sanctions: EU listing", "instrument_type": "sanctions_change", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) sanctions_change_register (issue FIM-BASE-SANC-003)", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Enforcement: European Commission / Council of the European Union — Third-country suppliers based in Kazakhstan (alongside China, UAE, Uzbekistan, Belarus)", "instrument_type": "enforcement_action", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-003)", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Gap: political-constraint", "instrument_type": "gap", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-002)", "source_url": null, "source_tier": null, "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Gap: regulatory-failure", "instrument_type": "gap", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-001)", "source_url": null, "source_tier": null, "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": "Gap: enforcement-absence", "instrument_type": "gap", "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-004)", "source_url": null, "source_tier": null, "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W12", "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": true, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access", "standing_position": "Correspondent-banking access is structurally sound (Citi, JPMorgan, BNY relationships; IMF Article VIII currency-convertibility commitment) but increasingly shaped by sanctions risk-management: 2022 Russian-subsidiary restructurings and a 2025 EU transaction ban on a Kazakh bank illustrate the country's positioning as a 'managed-risk' rather than blanket-de-risked jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "correspondent banking access", "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/kazakhstan-trade-financing", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "currency/settlement access rule", "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/kazakhstan-trade-financing", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "sanctions-driven de-risking", "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/kazakhstan-trade-financing", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "de-risking posture", "source": "https://timesca.com/kazakhstans-banking-system-and-the-logic-of-early-enforcement/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "settlement-access restriction", "source": "https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/10/23/19th-package-of-sanctions-against-russia-eu-targets-russian-energy-third-country-banks-and-crypto-providers/", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "1", "retrieved_at": null } ] }, { "code": "W13", "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech", "confidence": "High", "moved_this_cycle": true, "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/kazakhstan/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech", "standing_position": "Trailing-12-month commercial activity is dominated by Kaspi.kz partnership/product expansion and shareholder moves, ForteBank's international bond debut, and regulatory-driven digital-asset licensing events, against a backdrop of otherwise modest standalone fintech VC funding in-market.", "findings": [ { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "commercial_event", "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/companies/kaspi/__g5-wiGqv5O2ekPLG1vMJXv0WF7RIILsyYcdPiFbrSBA", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "4", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "commercial_event", "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/companies/kaspi/__g5-wiGqv5O2ekPLG1vMJXv0WF7RIILsyYcdPiFbrSBA", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "4", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "commercial_event", "source": "https://grokipedia.com/page/List_of_banks_in_Kazakhstan", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "4", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "commercial_event", "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/companies/kaspi/__g5-wiGqv5O2ekPLG1vMJXv0WF7RIILsyYcdPiFbrSBA", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "4", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "commercial_event", "source": "https://www.bitget.com/amp/news/detail/12560605487419", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "3", "retrieved_at": null }, { "finding": null, "instrument_type": "commercial_event", "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/explore/fintech-startups-in-kazakhstan/__3zSW3FiUKVYTSme93A1-gH5aLwUw8-BZL-oL1MYxmQg", "source_url": null, "source_tier": "4", "retrieved_at": null } ] } ] }