{
 "jurisdiction_id": "IE",
 "jurisdiction": "Ireland",
 "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-11",
 "schema_version": "world-payments-v1",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 14,
  "sourced_findings": 63,
  "source_register": 145
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "W1a",
   "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access",
   "standing_position": "Ireland's PI/EMI licensing regime is transitioning toward PSD3/PSR grandfathering; existing authorised firms retain status under a unified category without re-filing, subject to updated governance/reporting documentation.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "PSR 2018 / EMR 2011",
     "source": "Central Bank of Ireland — PI/EMI authorisation guidance; EU PSD2 (SI 6/2018) & E-Money Regs (centralbank.ie)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "S.I. 6/2018 (PSD2 transposition)",
     "source": "Central Bank of Ireland — PI/EMI authorisation process (centralbank.ie)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "PI/EMI authorisation",
     "source": "Central Bank of Ireland — E-Money Regulations; Small EMI €3m monthly cap (centralbank.ie)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Fitness & Probity / PCF",
     "source": "Central Bank of Ireland — Payments Authorisation expectations 2024 (centralbank.ie)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "EU passporting",
     "source": "https://www.centralbank.ie/regulation/industry-market-sectors/electronic-money-institutions/passporting",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W1b",
   "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions",
   "standing_position": "Safeguarding of consumer funds is a CBI 'key priority': PI/EMI firms must segregate consumer funds in a separate account with an EEA-authorised bank OR cover them with an insurance/guarantee policy, per PSD2/EMD2 as implemented through the PSR 2018, EMR 2011 and the Central Bank (Supervision and Enforcement) Act 2013. Conduct is governed by the modernised Consumer Protection Code 2025 (published 24 March 2025, applying from 24 March 2026) — domestic 'gold-plating' of consumer protection, including measures against fraud/scams and protection of vulnerable consumers.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Safeguarding (segregation/insurance)",
     "source": "Central Bank of Ireland — Consumer Protection Code (revised 24 Mar 2025, eff. 24 Mar 2026) (centralbank.ie)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Consumer Protection Code 2025",
     "source": "Central Bank of Ireland — revised Consumer Protection Code 2026 (centralbank.ie)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Consumer Protection Code 2025",
     "source": "https://www.williamfry.com/knowledge/the-consumer-protection-code-is-modernised/ [CAVEAT: Tier 3 secondary source — Assessed; verify vs primary pre-publication]",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "S.I. 81/2025 Consumer Protection Regulations",
     "source": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2025/si/81/made/en/print",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W2",
   "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money",
   "standing_position": "Ireland applies the EU Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), transposed nationally via the European Union (Markets in Crypto-Assets) Regulations 2024 (S.I. 607/2024), designating the CBI as national competent authority under MiCA Articles 60–62. Stablecoins are classified as e-money tokens (EMTs, single-currency reference) or asset-referenced tokens (ARTs); not legal tender. EMT issuers must be credit institutions or EMIs; ART issuers need specific CBI authorisation. Stablecoin (ART/EMT) rules applied from 30 June 2024; CASP authorisation from 30 December 2024. Ireland did NOT use the simplified-authorisation grandfathering discretion (its VASP regime deemed non-comparable) and reduced the CASP transition window to 12 months.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "MiCA / S.I. 607/2024",
     "source": "EU MiCA Regulation 2024 (SI 607/2024); CBI as NCA under Arts 60–62 (centralbank.ie)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "MiCA EMT/ART",
     "source": "EU MiCA — ART/EMT applied 30 Jun 2024; CASP authorisation by CBI from 30 Dec 2024 (centralbank.ie)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "MiCA transition",
     "source": "SI 607/2024 (EU MiCA Regulation 2024) — CBI CASP authorisation (centralbank.ie)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "MiCAR (CBI)",
     "source": "https://www.centralbank.ie/regulation/markets-in-crypto-assets-regulation/micar---frequently-asked-questions",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "MiCA CASP authorisation",
     "source": "https://cryptoslate.com/kraken-secures-mica-license-via-central-bank-of-ireland-to-ensure-eu-operations-continue/ [CAVEAT: Tier 3 secondary source — Assessed; verify vs primary pre-publication]",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W3",
   "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure",
   "standing_position": "The EU Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA, Regulation (EU) 2022/2554) has applied since 17 January 2025; the CBI supervises DORA compliance for in-scope firms (including credit institutions, investment firms, CASPs, PIs and EMIs), embedding ICT risk management, harmonised incident reporting, resilience testing and ICT third-party/outsourcing oversight. DORA layers on the CBI's pre-existing 2021 Cross-Industry Operational Resilience Guidance, which the CBI revised in 2025 to align with DORA; the CBI withdrew its 2016 IT/cybersecurity cross-industry guidance as DORA now sets the harmonised minimum standard.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "DORA (Reg EU 2022/2554)",
     "source": "https://www.idaireland.com/latest-news/insights/dora-regulation-bolstering-cyber-resilience-across-the-eu-financial-sector [CAVEAT: Tier 3 secondary source — Assessed; verify vs primary pre-publication]",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "DORA scope",
     "source": "https://www.mccannfitzgerald.com/knowledge/financial-services-regulation/the-final-countdown-complying-with-the-digital-operational-resilience-act-dora [CAVEAT: Tier 3 secondary source — Assessed; verify vs primary pre-publication]",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBI Cross-Industry OpRes Guidance (revised 2025)",
     "source": "https://www.walkersglobal.com/en/Insights/2025/09/Updates-in-the-Central-Bank-of-Irelands-OpRes-Guidance [CAVEAT: Tier 3 secondary source — Assessed; verify vs primary pre-publication]",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBI supervisory priority",
     "source": "https://www.arthurcox.com/insights/operational-resilience-2-0-how-dora-is-reshaping-operational-resilience-in-ireland/ [CAVEAT: Tier 3 secondary source — Assessed; verify vs primary pre-publication]",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W4",
   "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w4-scheme-network-compliance",
   "standing_position": "As an EU/euro-area member, Ireland applies the EU Interchange Fee Regulation (IFR) caps on Visa/Mastercard interchange, PCI DSS (managed by the PCI SSC), and the SEPA scheme rulebooks (EPC) for credit transfers/direct debits. Card payments dominate non-cash volumes; Visa and Mastercard are the principal card schemes (no surviving national card scheme). Scheme-level dispute/monitoring rules (Visa VAMP, Mastercard ECP) and PCI DSS v4.0.1 future-dated requirements (effective 31 March 2025) bind Irish acquirers and merchants.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Interchange Fee Regulation / SEPA",
     "source": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/paym/retail/sepa/html/index.en.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "PCI DSS / IFR",
     "source": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pubbydate/2019/html/ecb.cardpaymentsineu_currentlandscapeandfutureprospects201904~30d4de2fc4.en.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Visa VAMP / PCI DSS v4.0.1",
     "source": "https://paymentnerds.com/blog/high-risk-merchant-accounts-in-2026-whats-getting-harder-and-easier/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Interchange (Visa/Mastercard)",
     "source": "https://interchangefeeseu.com/countries/interchange-fees-in-ireland",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W5",
   "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Ireland's principal corridor is intra-EEA euro SEPA (the largest by value), with SEPA Credit Transfer (SCT), SEPA Direct Debit (SDD) and SEPA Instant Credit Transfer (SCT Inst) as core rails, settled on pan-European infrastructure (EBA CLEARING RT1 / Eurosystem TIPS); there is no separate Irish domestic clearing house. The EU Instant Payments Regulation (Reg (EU) 2024/886) mandates instant euro transfers: euro-area credit institutions must receive from 9 January 2025 and send from 9 October 2025. A material non-euro corridor with the UK (Ireland's largest single trading partner) requires FX and faces Brexit-related friction.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Instant Payments Regulation (Reg EU 2024/886)",
     "source": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/paym/retail/instant_payments/html/instant_payments_regulation.en.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "SCT Inst / RT1",
     "source": "https://www.lightspark.com/knowledge/instant-payments-ireland",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "SCT Inst settlement (RT1/TIPS)",
     "source": "https://www.pwc.ie/industries/financial-services/insights/sepa-instant-credit-transfer/mastering-sepa-instant-credit-transfers.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "UK/non-euro corridor",
     "source": "https://stripe.com/resources/more/payments-in-ireland",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W6",
   "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Ireland is a significant post-Brexit EU payments/fintech hub with a deep base of CBI-authorised EMIs/PIs. The market mixes traditional incumbent banks (Bank of Ireland, AIB) with global infrastructure players headquartered or hubbed in Dublin (Stripe, Wise, Circle, Square) and homegrown firms (Fenergo, TransferMate, Wayflyer, Fire Financial Services, Humm). The Banking & Payments Federation Ireland (BPFI), with affiliates FIBI and FPAI, represents 120+ institutions. The National Payments Strategy (launched October 2024) is steering market development, including new CBI orderly-wind-down/liquidation powers for payment firms.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure",
     "source": "https://bpfi.ie/bpfi-opening-statement-to-oireachtas-finance-committee-3rd-december-2025/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "BPFI/FPAI",
     "source": "https://bpfi.ie/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Irish-Fintech-Survey.pdf",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "embedded finance / market players",
     "source": "https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/10/06/3161612/28124/en/Ireland-Embedded-Finance-Market-Databook-2025-Tracks-100-KPIs-Across-Embedded-Payments-Lending-Insurance-Banking-and-Wealth-in-Ireland.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "National Payments Strategy",
     "source": "https://www.williamfry.com/knowledge/national-payments-strategy-launched-by-the-minister-for-finance/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W7",
   "name": "Legal & Litigation",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w7-legal-litigation",
   "standing_position": "Enforcement is led by the CBI's Administrative Sanctions Procedure (ASP), under which it can fine firms up to EUR 10 million or 10% of turnover and individuals up to EUR 1 million. The landmark recent payments-context action is the November 2025 fine of Coinbase Europe Limited (EUR 21,464,734 after a 30% settlement discount, from EUR 30.66m) for AML/CTF transaction-monitoring failures under the CJA 2010 — subject to Irish High Court confirmation. Historic large fines include Bank of Ireland (EUR 24.5m, 2021) for IT service-continuity/control failings. The CBI is also the competent authority for EU financial sanctions and issued its first Financial Crime Bulletin in late 2025.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ASP / CJA 2010 enforcement",
     "source": "https://wp.nyu.edu/compliance_enforcement/2025/11/24/central-bank-of-ireland-fines-coinbase-more-than-e21-million-for-breaching-anti-money-laundering-and-counter-terrorist-financing-transaction-monitoring-obligations/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Administrative Sanctions Procedure",
     "source": "https://www.dilloneustace.com/insights/legal-insights/central-bank-ramps-up-enforcement-actions-as-record-fines-imposed/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ASP",
     "source": "https://www.centralbank.ie/regulation/how-we-regulate/enforcement/administrative-sanctions-procedure",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Financial sanctions / Funds Transfer Regulation",
     "source": "https://globalsanctions.com/2025/12/irish-central-bank-issues-first-financial-crime-bulletin-including-sanctions/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W8",
   "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk",
   "standing_position": "Merchant acquiring in Ireland is dominated by global/fintech acquirers (Stripe, Adyen) alongside traditional banks, operating under EU PSD2 (SCA), PCI DSS and Visa/Mastercard scheme rules. Card-scheme dispute/monitoring regimes — Visa VAMP (full enforcement from 1 October 2025) and Mastercard's Excessive Chargeback Program — pass risk to acquirers, who manage merchant onboarding/underwriting, reserves and high-risk-MCC treatment. EU PSD2 SCA/TRA exemptions interact with these scheme programs. Chargeback rights for Irish cardholders run via Visa/Mastercard scheme procedures (typically 120–180 days).",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Visa VAMP",
     "source": "https://www.ravelin.com/blog/visa-vamp-changes-chargeback-disputes",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "chargeback framework",
     "source": "https://stripe.com/resources/more/payments-in-ireland",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Mastercard ECP / PCI DSS",
     "source": "https://paymentnerds.com/blog/high-risk-merchant-accounts-in-2026-whats-getting-harder-and-easier/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "merchant risk monitoring",
     "source": "https://www.getfocal.ai/blog/merchant-acquiring-risk-management",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W9",
   "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w9-product-innovation-market-development",
   "standing_position": "Innovation is anchored by the CBI Innovation Sandbox (second cohort 'Innovation in Payments' opened 23 September 2025, applications to 10 November 2025, programme running from January 2026) and the EU open-banking/PSD2 build-out (with PSD3/PSR in train). The Eurosystem digital euro project moved to its next phase in October 2025, with a possible pilot from 2027 and first issuance potentially 2029; the CBI participates as part of the Eurosystem. Real-time rails (SCT Inst mandatory) and account-to-account 'pay-by-account' solutions (per the National Payments Strategy) are the principal product-development vectors.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBI Innovation Sandbox",
     "source": "https://www.mondaq.com/ireland/financial-services/1684250/central-bank-payments-innovation-sandbox-programme-a-call-for-applicants",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Digital euro",
     "source": "https://www.centralbank.ie/news/article/press-release-eurosystem-moving-to-next-phase-of-digital-euro-project-30-oct-2025",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Digital euro pilot timeline",
     "source": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2025/html/ecb.sp251219~fd2fee081a.en.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "open banking / pay-by-account",
     "source": "https://www.williamfry.com/knowledge/national-payments-strategy-launched-by-the-minister-for-finance/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W10",
   "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud",
   "standing_position": "Consumer protection is governed by the Consumer Protection Code 2025 (effective March 2026) and supervised by the CBI's Consumer Protection Directorate; the Financial Services and Pensions Ombudsman (FSPO) is the dispute-resolution route. Unlike the UK (PSR mandatory APP reimbursement from 7 October 2024), Ireland has NO mandatory APP-fraud reimbursement scheme; APP losses (~EUR 9.9m in 2022) are addressed via CBI Consumer Protection Outlook expectations and a whole-of-system National Payments Strategy approach (a legislated shared fraud database to be developed by BPFI, plus cross-sectoral cooperation). An Oireachtas Finance Committee report (October 2024) recommended a shared fraud database and greater coordination.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "APP fraud / CBI expectations",
     "source": "https://kpmg.com/ie/en/insights/consulting/authorised-push-payment-scams-consulting.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Oireachtas APP fraud report",
     "source": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/press-centre/press-releases/20241023-committee-on-finance-public-expenditure-and-reform-and-taoiseach-publishes-report-on-authorised-push-payment-fraud-recommends-shared-fraud-database-greater-coordination-and-communication-by-stakeholders/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "National Payments Strategy fraud response",
     "source": "https://bpfi.ie/bpfi-opening-statement-to-oireachtas-finance-committee-3rd-december-2025/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "shared fraud database",
     "source": "https://www.williamfry.com/knowledge/national-payments-strategy-launched-by-the-minister-for-finance/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W11",
   "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime",
   "standing_position": "sentinel. Carried Sentinel position for the payments context only (no original FIM illicit-finance analysis). Ireland's AML/CFT base instrument is the Criminal Justice (Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing) Act 2010 (as amended, CJA 2010), with the CBI as competent authority for credit/financial institutions including VASPs/CASPs. The EU AML package (adopted 30 May 2024) — AMLR, AMLD6, AMLA Regulation, recast Funds Transfer Regulation (FTR, in application since 30 December 2024) — applies; the directly-applicable AMLR binds Irish obliged entities (incl. payments firms) from 10 July 2027, AMLA (Frankfurt) began operations 1 July 2025. Ireland implemented the recast travel rule via S.I. 389/2025.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "AMLR compliance date",
     "source": "sentinel://deloitte.ie/amlr-readiness",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Ireland's AML/CFT regime rests on the Criminal Justice (Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing) Acts 2010-2021 (5AMLD-transposing), with the Central Bank of Ireland as lead AML/CFT supervisor for financial institutions and VASPs, the FIU embedded in the Garda National Economic Crime Bureau, and the CRO/RBO handling corporate and beneficial-ownership registration. As an EU member and international financial centre, Ireland will absorb the AMLR/AMLA package and MiCA in parallel.",
     "instrument_type": "assessment",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) per-JID baseline profile — Ireland",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: sourcing-thinness",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-004)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: capacity-deficit",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-005)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Enforcement: An Garda Síochána / National Crime Agency (joint operation) — Cross-border organised crime cash-laundering network",
     "instrument_type": "enforcement_action",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-001)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Sanctions: EU divergence",
     "instrument_type": "sanctions_change",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) sanctions_change_register (issue FIM-BASE-SANC-003)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: enforcement-absence",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-003)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Enforcement: Government of Ireland — Aughinish Alumina (Rusal-owned refinery, Co. Limerick)",
     "instrument_type": "enforcement_action",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-002)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: regulatory-failure",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-001)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W12",
   "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access",
   "standing_position": "Ireland settles euro through the Eurosystem TARGET Services: T2 (RTGS, replaced TARGET2 on 20 March 2023) for large-value, TARGET2-Securities (T2S) for securities, and TIPS for instant settlement; the Central Bank of Ireland operates the Irish component and provides settlement access. EURO1 (EBA CLEARING, a Systemically Important Payment System) is the principal private large-value net-settlement system, ultimately settling in T2. Following the Instant Payments Regulation, non-bank PSPs (PIs/EMIs) gained harmonised access to central-bank-operated payment systems including TARGET from October 2025. USD/GBP correspondent access for smaller Irish PSPs runs via Tier-1 correspondent banks.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "T2 RTGS",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_(settlement_system)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "TARGET Services (CBI)",
     "source": "https://www.centralbank.ie/financial-system/payments-and-securities-settlements/target-services/t2",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "EURO1 (SIPS)",
     "source": "https://www.centralbank.ie/docs/default-source/publications/quarterly-bulletins/quarterly-bulletin-signed-articles/money-and-payments-infrastructure.pdf?sfvrsn=2a44731a_6",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "non-bank PSP TARGET access",
     "source": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/paym/retail/instant_payments/html/instant_payments_regulation.en.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W13",
   "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/ireland/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech",
   "standing_position": "Trailing-12-month commercial activity (run date 2026-06-24): Irish fintech attracted ~$259.4m across 2025 (up 9% YoY per KPMG Pulse of Fintech H2'25), with 7 fintech acquisitions in 2025. Largest deal: Teybridge Capital Europe ($58.61m, trade finance). Payments-specific: NomuPay raised $77m across two rounds; Wayflyer raised $35m (revenue-based finance). Dublin-founded Stripe was valued at $159bn (February 2026 tender offer; up from ~$91.5bn in 2025) and made stablecoin/AI acquisitions (Bridge, Privy, Metronome). Undisclosed-value events flagged with amount_disclosed=false.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "sector investment (FY2025)",
     "source": "https://kpmg.com/ie/en/insights/fintech/pulse-of-fintech-h2-2025.html",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "valuation / M&A",
     "source": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2026/02/24/irish-founded-fintech-stripe-valued-at-159bn/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "M&A count",
     "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/explore/fintech-startups-in-ireland/__qo4iDQXalIFuCA3IWeUyREYkELhGSEZhbJdj3Ce45Qg",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "product / acquisition (undisclosed value)",
     "source": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/stripe-tender-140bn-valuation-fintech-axios-report-ireland",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}