{
 "jurisdiction_id": "EG",
 "jurisdiction": "Egypt",
 "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-11",
 "schema_version": "world-payments-v1",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 14,
  "sourced_findings": 63,
  "source_register": 109
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "W1a",
   "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access",
   "standing_position": "The Central Bank of Egypt regulates PSOs and PSPs under Law No. 194/2020; June 2025 PSO/PSP Licensing and Registration Rules (12-month transition ending June 2026) plus September 2025 governance/fit-and-proper rules establish a comprehensive new licensing regime with minimum capital thresholds of EGP 20M (PSP) and EGP 500M (PSO).",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Licensing & Registration Rules for PSOs and PSPs (June 2025)",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/news-publications/news/2025/06/19/08/20/psos-and-psps-licensing-rules",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "PSP Regulations",
     "source": "https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=09701c92-51b7-4551-a75f-88aa91c16197",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "capital thresholds",
     "source": "https://shehatalaw.com/law-update/the-central-bank-of-egypt-issues-new-licensing-regulations-for-payment-system-operators-and-service-providers/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "PSO capital requirement",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/-/media/project/cbe/page-content/rich-text/payment-system/payment-systems-and-services-oversight/rules-for-licensing-and-registration-of-payment-system-operators.pdf",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "transition provisions / governance regulations",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/news-publications/news/2025/09/01/13/10/payment-system-operators-and-payment-service-providers",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Law No. 194 of 2020 Chapter 4",
     "source": "https://sharkawylaw.com/egypts-new-banking-law-payments-fintech-electronic-evidence/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W1b",
   "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions",
   "standing_position": "Conduct and safeguarding flow from Law 194/2020 and CBE rules. Licensed institutions must lodge an irrevocable, unconditional, auto-renewing bank letter of guarantee in favour of the CBE equal to 2% of paid-up/allocated capital, usable by the CBE to impose penalties. Bank-customer conduct is governed by the CBE's February 2019 Consumer Protection Instructions plus Articles 216-220 of Law 194/2020. Foreign data-hosting/outsourcing providers for CBE-regulated entities must register with the CBE.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "financial guarantee / safeguarding",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/-/media/project/cbe/page-content/rich-text/payment-system/payment-systems-and-services-oversight/rules-for-licensing-and-registration-of-payment-system-operators.pdf",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Consumer Protection Instructions (Feb 2019) / Law 194 Arts 216-220",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/consumer-protection",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Instructions for the protection of the rights of bank customers",
     "source": "https://shalakany.com/new-regulations-on-the-protection-of-bank-customers/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Governance & Fit-and-Proper regulations",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/news-publications/news/2025/09/01/13/10/payment-system-operators-and-payment-service-providers",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W2",
   "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money",
   "standing_position": "Egypt has no permissive stablecoin/crypto regime — the posture is prohibitive. Law 194/2020 (Art. 206) prohibits issuance, trading, promotion or operation of crypto-asset platforms without prior CBE approval, and the CBE confirms no such licence has ever been granted, making it a de facto ban with penalties up to EGP 10m and imprisonment. Stablecoins fall within the crypto prohibition. E-money is, however, a recognised CBE-licensed activity within the payment-services framework. A CBDC ('e-Pound') is reportedly under study, targeted around 2030.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Law No. 194 of 2020, Article 206",
     "source": "https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=a21a3371-3157-4c46-8ab2-1e15e9a59450",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBE Fourth Warning Statement on Cryptocurrencies",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/news-publications/news/2023/03/08/warning-statement",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "stablecoin treatment",
     "source": "https://www.plasma.to/learn/tools/stablecoin-regulation-map/egypt",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "E-Money / digital means definitions",
     "source": "https://freemanlaw.com/cryptocurrency/egypt/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "CBDC pipeline",
     "source": "https://cryptoforinnovation.org/crypto-interest-grows-in-egypt-despite-tight-regulation/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W3",
   "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure",
   "standing_position": "Operational resilience is anchored by the CBE's Financial Cybersecurity Framework (the first such sectoral framework in Egypt) plus a dedicated CBE cybersecurity sector and the country's first financial-sector CERT. Outsourcing of services and data hosting by CBE-regulated entities is governed by CBE supervisory rules requiring registration of providers and minimum contractual terms; the CBE generally does not accept registration of offshore outsourcing providers. The Personal Data Protection Law 151/2020 exists but is not yet in force pending implementing regulations and does not apply to CBE-supervised entities following CBE rules.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Financial Cybersecurity Framework",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/cybersecurity",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "cybersecurity readiness/oversight",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/cybersecurity/the-cybersecurity-organizational-structure",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "outsourcing / cloud rules",
     "source": "https://resourcehub.bakermckenzie.com/en/resources/cloud-compliance-center/emea/egypt",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Personal Data Protection Law No. 151 of 2020",
     "source": "https://resourcehub.bakermckenzie.com/en/resources/cloud-compliance-center/emea/egypt",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W4",
   "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w4-scheme-network-compliance",
   "standing_position": "Egypt runs a domestic national card scheme, Meeza, alongside international schemes (Visa/Mastercard) for cross-border. Meeza was established in early 2019 under CBE supervision and operated by the Egyptian Banks Company (EBC), underpinned by a 2017/2018 National Payments Council decree/resolution; it supports debit, prepaid and mobile-wallet products for domestic-only acceptance and now exceeds 40 million cards across 28 participating banks. E-payment card rules are issued by the National Payments Council, and CBE cybersecurity/framework requirements reference PCI-type controls.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Meeza domestic card scheme / NPC decree 2017",
     "source": "https://www.egyptianbanks.com/meeza-card/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Meeza scheme rollout / NCP Resolution 2/2018",
     "source": "https://grokipedia.com/page/meeza",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "scheme scope",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeza",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "NPC e-payment card regulations",
     "source": "https://www.nbe.com.eg/AssetsManager/84bf39af-daf7-4c3d-bed5-f7411eddb695.pdf",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W5",
   "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Egypt is among the world's largest remittance recipients, with inflows hitting a record ~USD 41.5bn in 2025 (up 40.5% y/y), its second-largest hard-currency source after exports. The dominant corridors are the Gulf (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE), with significant US, Canada and Western Europe flows. The March 2024 currency unification ended the parallel market and shifted volumes to formal channels. Cross-border rails include SWIFT-based bank transfers, the multicurrency RTGS for interbank FX settlement, COMESA's REPSS regional rail, and IPN-based inbound remittances (InstaPay extended to Gulf Egyptians in Nov 2024).",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "remittance inflows",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/news-publications/news/2026/02/23/11/17/remittances-from-egyptians-working-abroad-record-usd-41,-d-,5-billion-during-2025",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "corridor composition",
     "source": "https://www.agbi.com/economy/2025/11/remittances-by-overseas-egyptians-to-their-home-country-jumped/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Multicurrency RTGS / CCH cross-border rails",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/payment-systems-and-services/national-payments-council-npc",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "InstaPay cross-border remittance",
     "source": "https://egyptianstreets.com/2025/04/03/instapay-now-charging-transfer-fees/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Regional Payment and Settlement System (REPSS)",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/-/media/project/cbe/page-content/rich-text/payment-system/1142-repss-english.pdf",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W6",
   "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Egypt is one of Africa's largest fintech ecosystems (≈10% of Africa's fintech operators, 4th on the continent) and led African fintech funding in 2024 (~35%). The PSP market is shaped by listed incumbent Fawry (IPO 2019) and e-Finance (2021), plus heavyweight private players MNT-Halan (Egypt's first unicorn, ~USD 550m+ raised) and Paymob (payments enabler, ~USD 90m raised, 350k+ merchants). Banks remain central via Meeza/IPN, while non-bank fintechs drive wallets, BNPL (ValU, MNT-Halan) and acquiring. Over 267 fintech companies operate, with 109 funded.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure / funding",
     "source": "https://fintechnews.ae/25543/fintechegypt/egypts-most-well-funded-fintechs-of-2025/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "dominant providers",
     "source": "https://fintechnews.ae/25543/fintechegypt/egypts-most-well-funded-fintechs-of-2025/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "sector composition",
     "source": "https://iclg.com/practice-areas/fintech-laws-and-regulations/egypt",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market breadth",
     "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/explore/fintech-startups-in-egypt/__giCu69LvGbU7cFiY4hLvCTLTaI4Jxn8Z6eDM5tUQM94",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W7",
   "name": "Legal & Litigation",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w7-legal-litigation",
   "standing_position": "Enforcement in payments is administrative and CBE-led rather than driven by landmark court litigation. Law 194/2020 carries criminal penalties (imprisonment, fines up to EGP 10m) for unlicensed crypto/payments activity, which the CBE has invoked via repeated public warning statements against fraudulent crypto platforms. The June 2025 PSP rules give the CBE an enforcement lever via the 2%-of-capital financial guarantee, which the CBE may draw on to impose financial penalties for breaches, and licence suspension/cancellation must follow defined procedures. A dedicated Money Laundering Prosecution exists (Public Prosecutor Decision 2722/2019).",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "financial penalty mechanism",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/-/media/project/cbe/page-content/rich-text/payment-system/payment-systems-and-services-oversight/rules-for-licensing-and-registration-of-payment-system-operators.pdf",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "licence suspension/cancellation procedure",
     "source": "https://shehatalaw.com/law-update/the-central-bank-of-egypt-issues-new-licensing-regulations-for-payment-system-operators-and-service-providers/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement warnings",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/news-publications/news/2023/03/08/warning-statement",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Money Laundering Prosecution",
     "source": "https://fra.gov.eg/en/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%BA%D8%B3%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W8",
   "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk",
   "standing_position": "Merchant acquiring is conducted by banks and licensed PSPs/facilitators under CBE oversight; the historic model required PSPs to operate under a bank, with banks contracting and supervising PSPs, controlling merchant selection and AML compliance. Acquiring runs across Meeza, Visa/Mastercard and Fawry's agent/POS network. The June 2025 PSP rules formalise acquiring-adjacent activities (issuance of acceptance channels, processing of transactions) and impose ongoing obligations — capital adequacy, compliance officer, SARs and fraud-prevention controls. Chargeback/dispute handling routes through bank consumer-protection units with CBE escalation.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "acquiring / PSP-bank model",
     "source": "https://www.ibanet.org/article/6FC3317B-4F9C-4DFC-BDF1-80CF98B68B21",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "acceptance-channel / acquiring scope",
     "source": "https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2025/06/21/cbe-issues-new-licensing-framework-for-electronic-payment-service-providers/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ongoing acquiring obligations",
     "source": "https://payatlas.com/regulator/cbe-4620",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "acquiring providers",
     "source": "https://www.techinafrica.com/top-5-startups-to-watch-in-egypt-in-2025/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W9",
   "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w9-product-innovation-market-development",
   "standing_position": "Egypt's flagship rail is the Instant Payment Network (IPN), launched 22 March 2022, connecting all banks for 24/7 real-time transfers, operated by EBC with the CBE as settlement agent; the consumer app InstaPay was the first CBE-licensed IPN app. In 2024 IPN processed ~1.5bn transactions worth ~EGP 2.9trn, with inbound cross-border remittances added in December 2024 and Gulf access in November 2024. The CBE runs a regulatory sandbox (2-3 cohorts/year, free, 6-12 month testing) and issued a 2023 digital-bank framework. A CBDC e-Pound is in study.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Instant Payment Network (IPN)",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/payment-systems-and-services/instant-payment-network",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "IPN volumes",
     "source": "https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2024/12/30/cbe-extends-fee-exemption-for-digital-transfers-via-ipn-instapay-for-3-months/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "IPN architecture",
     "source": "https://grokipedia.com/page/instant_payment_network",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Regulatory Sandbox",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/contact-us/website-faqs",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "digital-bank framework",
     "source": "https://iclg.com/practice-areas/fintech-laws-and-regulations/egypt",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W10",
   "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud",
   "standing_position": "Consumer protection rests on the CBE's February 2019 Consumer Protection Instructions and Articles 216-220 of Law 194/2020, with a dedicated CBE Consumer Protection (Customer Rights Protection and Competition) Sector. Banks must run an independent complaints unit, give a reference number within 2 working days, respond within 15 business days, and report complaints quarterly to the CBE; customers may escalate to the CBE only after exhausting bank-level responses. There is no UK-style APP-fraud mandatory reimbursement regime; fraud handling is via disclosure duties, card-block hotlines and complaints escalation.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Consumer Protection Instructions / Law 194 Arts 216-220",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/consumer-protection",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "complaints / escalation process",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/consumer-protection/submit-a-complaint",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "complaints reporting",
     "source": "https://www.zawya.com/en/business/banking-and-insurance/egypt-cbe-lays-down-guidelines-for-banks-on-handling-customer-complaints-e7srd6ue",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "fraud awareness / disclosure",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/consumer-protection/know-your-rights",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W11",
   "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime",
   "standing_position": "sentinel. Carrying Sentinel.gi position: Egypt's AML/CFT regime rests on Anti-Money Laundering Law No. 80 of 2002, enforced by the Egyptian Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Combating Unit (EMLCU), the FIU, an independent unit established at the CBE. Egypt is a MENAFATF member; its 2025 follow-up showed improvement (R.3 re-rated to Largely Compliant; 11 compliant, 26 largely compliant, 3 partially compliant, remaining in enhanced follow-up). Prime Ministerial Decree 3331/2023 updated executive regulations to align with FATF and extend reporting to fintechs/VASPs; GoAML is mandatory for STRs.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "FRA Board Decision 161/2024",
     "source": "https://fra.gov.eg/en/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%BA%D8%B3%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Egypt's AML/CFT regime rests on AML Law No. 80/2002 (amended), implementing bylaws under PM Decree 951/2003 (amended 2023), and CBE Law 194/2020. FIU is the EMLCU. FATF/MENAFATF rate Egypt 11 Compliant, 26 Largely Compliant, 3 Partially Compliant (sanctions, MLA, extradition); Egypt remains in Enhanced Follow-up, not grey-listed.",
     "instrument_type": "assessment",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) per-JID baseline profile — Egypt",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: sourcing-thinness",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-005)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: regulatory-failure",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-003)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: legal-gap",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-001)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: capacity-deficit",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-004)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W12",
   "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access",
   "standing_position": "Interbank settlement runs through the CBE-owned RTGS (a Systemically Important Payment System) where settlement is final and irrevocable, all CBE-registered banks are mandatory direct participants, and intraday liquidity is supported via collateralised loans against T-bills/blocked deposits. The system was upgraded to a multicurrency RTGS (launched ~22 March 2021) settling USD/EUR in addition to EGP, with SWIFT 'Y' topology messaging. Cross-border access uses correspondent banks and LCs; the multicurrency Cheque Clearing House and REPSS extend FX settlement. FX is tightly controlled post-March 2024 unification.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "RTGS",
     "source": "https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/payment-systems-and-services/payment-systems/real-time-gross-settlement-system-rtgs/snapshotrtgs",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Multicurrency RTGS",
     "source": "https://www.businesstodayegypt.com/Article/1/386/CBE-prepares-multicurrency-real-time-gross-settlement-system-launch-on",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "RTGS / SWIFT integration",
     "source": "https://www.swift.com/swift-resource/19251/download",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "correspondent banking / trade finance",
     "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/egypt-trade-financing",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W13",
   "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/egypt/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech",
   "standing_position": "Trailing-12-month commercial intelligence is dominated by fintech funding and expansion. Notable events include Paymob's USD 72m Series B (Sep 2024) and Mastercard/Woo/Shopify partnerships; MNT-Halan's continued regional expansion (acquired Turkey's Tam Finans in 2024); and Khazna's USD 16m pre-Series B (Feb 2025) to pursue a digital-banking licence and Saudi expansion. 2025 Egyptian fintech funding showed recovery, with the country topping MENA in May 2025 (fintech raising ~USD 86.5m). New cross-border remittance entrants (LemFi, Munify) entered the market.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "funding round",
     "source": "https://fintechnews.ae/25543/fintechegypt/egypts-most-well-funded-fintechs-of-2025/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "M&A",
     "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/explore/fintech-startups-in-egypt/__giCu69LvGbU7cFiY4hLvCTLTaI4Jxn8Z6eDM5tUQM94",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "investment trend",
     "source": "https://scoopempire.com/a-look-at-egypts-rise-as-a-fintech-powerhouse/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market entry",
     "source": "https://www.makreo.com/blog/egypt-s-30b-remittance-market-in-2025-diaspora-inflows-fintech-and-policy-reforms-driving-strategic-growth",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}