{
 "jurisdiction_id": "HR",
 "jurisdiction": "Croatia",
 "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-11",
 "schema_version": "world-payments-v1",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 14,
  "sourced_findings": 70,
  "source_register": 164
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "W1a",
   "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access",
   "standing_position": "Croatia operates a fully-transposed PSD2 licensing regime under the Payment System Act, with HNB as sole competent authority; PSD3/PSR reached provisional political agreement 27 Nov 2025, expected application ~early 2028.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary statute",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/zakon-o-platnom-prometu",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/zakon-o-platnom-prometu",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "authorisation regime",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/licensing/payment-institutions",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/small-payment-institutions",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "authorisation regime - small institution route",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/small-payment-institutions",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/small-payment-institutions",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "e-money authorisation regime",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/licensing/electronic-money-institutions",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/small-payment-institutions",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "small e-money institution registration route",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/licensing/small-electronic-money-institutions",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/small-payment-institutions",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/about-payment-system",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/small-payment-institutions",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "supervisory mandate",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/small-payment-institutions",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W1b",
   "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions",
   "standing_position": "Safeguarding of payment service users' and e-money holders' funds is governed by a dedicated HNB Decision under Article 35/100 of the Electronic Money Act/Payment System Act, alongside a HNB-run complaints and ADR regime and consumer-protection oversight. The regime is settled and EU-harmonised (PSD2/EMD2 aligned).",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "safeguarding decision",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/licensing/electronic-money-institutions",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/licensing/electronic-money-institutions",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "safeguarding decision (payment institutions)",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/licensing/payment-institutions",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/complaints",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "complaints/conduct regime",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/complaints",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/complaints",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "consumer protection / complaints-handling guidelines",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/about-us/consumer-protection/regulations",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/complaints",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "out-of-court dispute resolution",
     "source": "https://stable-view-app.com/en/sto-nudimo/",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/complaints",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "conduct enforcement precedent",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/financial-inspectorate-of-the-republic-of-croatia-imposes-a-hrk-33m-fine-on-zagreba%C4%8Dka-banka-d.d.",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/complaints",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W2",
   "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money",
   "standing_position": "Croatia implements MiCA via its own Implementation Act (12 July 2024), with HANFA as the CASP-licensing NCA (Titles II, V, VI) and HNB overseeing EMT/ART issuers (Titles III, IV). Legacy VASPs have a transition window to 1 July 2026 to obtain full CASP authorisation; the first full MiCA CASP licence (Electrocoin) was granted in April 2026.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "MiCA competent authority designation",
     "source": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-12/List_of_Competent_Authorities_notified_to_ESMA_under_MiCA.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-12/List_of_Competent_Authorities_notified_to_ESMA_under_MiCA.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "MiCA implementation notice",
     "source": "https://www.hanfa.hr/consumers/consumer-news/notification-for-persons-intending-to-trade-crypto-assets/",
     "source_url": "https://www.hanfa.hr/consumers/consumer-news/notification-for-persons-intending-to-trade-crypto-assets/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "first CASP authorisation",
     "source": "https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-first-mica-crypto-licence-electrocoin/",
     "source_url": "https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-first-mica-crypto-licence-electrocoin/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "implementing legislation / capital thresholds",
     "source": "https://coincub.com/blog/crypto-licensing-croatia/",
     "source_url": "https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-first-mica-crypto-licence-electrocoin/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "EMT/ART classification and redemption rights",
     "source": "https://www.plasma.to/learn/tools/stablecoin-regulation-map/croatia",
     "source_url": "https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-first-mica-crypto-licence-electrocoin/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W3",
   "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure",
   "standing_position": "DORA (Regulation (EU) 2022/2554) entered into application EU-wide from 17 January 2025, with HNB and HANFA jointly coordinating implementation for Croatian financial entities. Croatia faces above-average third-party ICT dependency and limited specialist penetration-testing/TLPT capacity relative to larger EU markets, but banking-sector DORA readiness is on par with EU peers due to group-level (parent bank) expertise.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary EU regulation",
     "source": "https://www.eiopa.europa.eu/digital-operational-resilience-act-dora_en",
     "source_url": "https://www.eiopa.europa.eu/digital-operational-resilience-act-dora_en",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "national ICT rules cross-reference",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/licensing/payment-institutions",
     "source_url": "https://total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/dora-in-croatia-vs-other-eu-countries-implementation-insights/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "implementation assessment",
     "source": "https://total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/dora-in-croatia-vs-other-eu-countries-implementation-insights/",
     "source_url": "https://total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/dora-in-croatia-vs-other-eu-countries-implementation-insights/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "supervisory coordination",
     "source": "https://cyberupgrade.net/blog/grc/dora-regulations-in-croatia-and-impact-for-all-industries/",
     "source_url": "https://total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/dora-in-croatia-vs-other-eu-countries-implementation-insights/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "critical ICT third-party provider designation",
     "source": "https://www.eba.europa.eu/publications-and-media/press-releases/european-supervisory-authorities-designate-critical-ict-third-party-providers-under-digital",
     "source_url": "https://total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/dora-in-croatia-vs-other-eu-countries-implementation-insights/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W4",
   "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w4-scheme-network-compliance",
   "standing_position": "Card scheme compliance in Croatia follows EU interchange fee caps (Regulation (EU) 2015/751) and Visa/Mastercard scheme rules, but Croatia has historically carried above-EU-average domestic interchange fees, with Mastercard rates among the highest in Europe. SEPA instant payments (SCT Inst) are now fully live via the EuroNCSInst system.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "competition authority market study",
     "source": "https://www.aztn.hr/en/interchange-fees-in-card-payments-in-croatia-higher-than-eu-average/",
     "source_url": "https://www.aztn.hr/en/interchange-fees-in-card-payments-in-croatia-higher-than-eu-average/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "cross-country interchange comparison",
     "source": "https://www.lendingtree.com/credit-cards/articles/na-vs-eu-interchangefees/",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/payment-systems/euroncsinst",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "scheme rulebook / fee publication",
     "source": "https://www.mastercard.com/europe/en/business/support/merchant-interchange-rates.html",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/payment-systems/euroncsinst",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "national scheme/API standard",
     "source": "https://www.hub.hr/index.php/en/psd2-open-api",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/payment-systems/euroncsinst",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "instant payment scheme compliance",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/payment-systems/euroncsinst",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/payment-systems/euroncsinst",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W5",
   "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Croatia's principal payment corridors run through SEPA/TARGET (post-euro-adoption 2023) with full instant payment (SCT Inst) receiving capability mandatory and sending capability mandatory from 9 October 2025. Cross-border settlement runs via TARGET-HR and T2S, integrated into the Eurosystem since March 2023.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "instant payment mandate",
     "source": "https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/posts/sepa-instant-payments-introduced-in-croatia/",
     "source_url": "https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/posts/sepa-instant-payments-introduced-in-croatia/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "settlement infrastructure",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/payment-systems",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/target-hr",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "RTGS corridor infrastructure",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/target-hr",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/target-hr",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "corridor/scheme membership",
     "source": "https://www.europeanpaymentscouncil.eu/news-insights/insight/croatian-payment-landscape",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/target-hr",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "securities settlement corridor",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/target-hr",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/target-hr",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W6",
   "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Croatia's payments industry is bank-dominated (Zagrebačka banka, Privredna Banka Zagreb, Erste as leading incumbents) with a growing, collaborative (not disruptive) fintech layer led by private companies Aircash (e-money/wallet) and Electrocoin (crypto payments/PayCek), both scaling regionally post-euro/Schengen accession.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure narrative",
     "source": "https://thefintechtimes.com/croatia-and-its-fintech-and-wider-digital-ecosystem-in-2026/",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/financial-inspectorate-of-the-republic-of-croatia-imposes-a-hrk-33m-fine-on-zagreba%C4%8Dka-banka-d.d.",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market concentration data",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/financial-inspectorate-of-the-republic-of-croatia-imposes-a-hrk-33m-fine-on-zagreba%C4%8Dka-banka-d.d.",
     "source_url": "https://thefintechtimes.com/croatia-and-its-fintech-and-wider-digital-ecosystem-in-2026/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "private fintech signal",
     "source": "https://getlatka.com/companies/aircash.eu",
     "source_url": "https://thefintechtimes.com/croatia-and-its-fintech-and-wider-digital-ecosystem-in-2026/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "private PSP signal",
     "source": "https://www.corvuspay.com/en/",
     "source_url": "https://thefintechtimes.com/croatia-and-its-fintech-and-wider-digital-ecosystem-in-2026/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "sectoral driver analysis",
     "source": "https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/d2fzayu3b6qr/",
     "source_url": "https://thefintechtimes.com/croatia-and-its-fintech-and-wider-digital-ecosystem-in-2026/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W7",
   "name": "Legal & Litigation",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w7-legal-litigation",
   "standing_position": "Croatia's EuroNCSInst migrated onto TIPS 24 June 2023; Croatian PSPs are fully compliant with the EU Instant Payments Regulation (receive from 9 Jan 2025, send from 9 Oct 2025).",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "landmark enforcement decision",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/financial-inspectorate-of-the-republic-of-croatia-imposes-a-hrk-33m-fine-on-zagreba%C4%8Dka-banka-d.d.",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/financial-inspectorate-of-the-republic-of-croatia-imposes-a-hrk-33m-fine-on-zagreba%C4%8Dka-banka-d.d.",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "litigation/enforcement infrastructure",
     "source": "https://veritas-advisory-group.com/litigation-by-country/croatia/",
     "source_url": "https://veritas-advisory-group.com/litigation-by-country/croatia/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement procedure framework",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/about-us/consumer-protection/key-information/enforcement-actions/-/asset_publisher/3e628cf108/content/id/174046",
     "source_url": "https://veritas-advisory-group.com/litigation-by-country/croatia/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "supervisory disclosure register",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/statistics/statistical-data/financial-sector/other-monetary-financial-institutions/credit-institutions/supervisory-indicators/supervisory-disclosure",
     "source_url": "https://veritas-advisory-group.com/litigation-by-country/croatia/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W8",
   "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk",
   "standing_position": "Merchant acquiring in Croatia follows the standard EU high-risk merchant onboarding/underwriting model (KYC/KYB, rolling reserves, Interchange++), with domestic acquiring/gateway providers such as CorvusPay serving the market alongside cross-border high-risk PSP intermediaries. No Croatia-specific chargeback or acquiring statute distinct from EU card-scheme rules and the Payment System Act was identified; the regime largely tracks EU/scheme-level chargeback and dispute frameworks.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "domestic acquiring/gateway provider",
     "source": "https://www.corvuspay.com/en/",
     "source_url": "https://quadrapay.com/payment-gateway-croatia/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "high-risk merchant onboarding practice",
     "source": "https://quadrapay.com/payment-gateway-croatia/",
     "source_url": "https://www.corvuspay.com/en/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "payment method mix",
     "source": "https://quadrapay.com/payment-gateway-croatia/",
     "source_url": "https://www.corvuspay.com/en/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "merchant service charge dynamics",
     "source": "https://www.aztn.hr/en/interchange-fees-in-card-payments-in-croatia-higher-than-eu-average/",
     "source_url": "https://www.corvuspay.com/en/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W9",
   "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w9-product-innovation-market-development",
   "standing_position": "Croatia's product innovation is concentrated in instant payments (SCT Inst live since 2023), open banking (PSD2 XS2A APIs live via Berlin Group NextGenPSD2 standard since 2019), and crypto payment rails (Electrocoin's PayCek). No standalone regulatory sandbox distinct from EU frameworks was identified for payments specifically, though HANFA runs a broader financial-literacy simulation sandbox.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "open banking API standard",
     "source": "https://www.hub.hr/index.php/en/psd2-open-api",
     "source_url": "https://www.hub.hr/index.php/en/psd2-open-api",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "bank API exemption",
     "source": "https://www.zaba.hr/home/en/footer/psd2-open-banking",
     "source_url": "https://thefintechtimes.com/croatia-and-its-fintech-and-wider-digital-ecosystem-in-2026/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "instant payments product launch",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/fintech-and-banks-to-cooperate-in-the-future",
     "source_url": "https://thefintechtimes.com/croatia-and-its-fintech-and-wider-digital-ecosystem-in-2026/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "crypto payment product",
     "source": "https://thefintechtimes.com/croatia-and-its-fintech-and-wider-digital-ecosystem-in-2026/",
     "source_url": "https://thefintechtimes.com/croatia-and-its-fintech-and-wider-digital-ecosystem-in-2026/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "financial literacy/sandbox initiative",
     "source": "https://www.hanfa.hr/consumers/consumer-news/notification-for-persons-intending-to-trade-crypto-assets/",
     "source_url": "https://thefintechtimes.com/croatia-and-its-fintech-and-wider-digital-ecosystem-in-2026/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W10",
   "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud",
   "standing_position": "Consumer protection for payment service users runs through HNB's complaints and ADR mechanism under the Payment System Act and Consumer Protection Act. APP fraud reimbursement is not yet separately mandated in Croatia beyond the general EU PSD3/PSR political agreement (27 November 2025), which introduces a narrow PSP-impersonation reimbursement duty EU-wide, not yet formally adopted or transposed.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "consumer complaints regime",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/complaints",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/complaints",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "consumer protection statute",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/about-us/consumer-protection/regulations",
     "source_url": "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20251121IPR31540/payment-services-deal-more-protection-from-online-fraud-and-hidden-fees",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "pending EU-level APP fraud framework",
     "source": "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20251121IPR31540/payment-services-deal-more-protection-from-online-fraud-and-hidden-fees",
     "source_url": "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20251121IPR31540/payment-services-deal-more-protection-from-online-fraud-and-hidden-fees",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "critical assessment of pending framework",
     "source": "https://efri.io/eu-psr-psd3-empty-app-fraud-protections-for-victims/",
     "source_url": "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20251121IPR31540/payment-services-deal-more-protection-from-online-fraud-and-hidden-fees",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "ADR procedure detail",
     "source": "https://stable-view-app.com/en/sto-nudimo/",
     "source_url": "https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20251121IPR31540/payment-services-deal-more-protection-from-online-fraud-and-hidden-fees",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W11",
   "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime",
   "standing_position": "Sentinel.gi payments-context position: Croatia's AML/CFT framework rests on the 2017 AMLTF Law (harmonised with the 4th/5th EU AML Directives), supervised jointly by HNB (banks/credit institutions), HANFA (capital markets/CASPs), the Financial Inspectorate (non-bank FIs, exchange offices), and coordinated via the Anti-Money Laundering Office (AMLO/FIU). MONEYVAL's December 2024 follow-up report found Croatia now compliant or largely compliant on 36 of 40 applicable FATF Recommendations, an improvement from its 2021 mutual evaluation.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "landmark AML enforcement",
     "source": "sentinel.hnb.hr/en/-/financial-inspectorate-of-the-republic-of-croatia-imposes-a-hrk-33m-fine-on-zagreba%C4%8Dka-banka-d.d.",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Croatia's AML/CFT regime rests on the Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Law (AMLTFL, 2017, amended 2023), supervised by the Ministry of Finance's Anti-Money Laundering Office (AMLO/FIU), HNB (banking) and HANFA/CFSSA (capital markets). Croatia was FATF grey-listed June 2023-June 2025; MONEYVAL rates the regime as improving but with residual gaps in VASP supervision, ML prosecutions, and confiscation capacity.",
     "instrument_type": "assessment",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) per-JID baseline profile — Croatia",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Enforcement: MONEYVAL/FATF — Croatia's AML/CFT technical compliance framework",
     "instrument_type": "enforcement_action",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-003)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: capacity-deficit",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-004)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: legal-gap",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-001)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: enforcement-absence",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-002)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W12",
   "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access",
   "standing_position": "Croatia's settlement infrastructure is fully integrated into the Eurosystem via TARGET-HR (RTGS), EuroNCS/EuroNCSInst (retail/instant clearing), and T2S (securities), removing much of the prior reliance on correspondent banking for cross-border euro settlement since euro adoption in 2023. No specific de-risking crisis or correspondent-banking access gap was identified for Croatia in the sources reviewed.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "central bank settlement access",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/target-hr",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/croatian-component-of-the-target2-payment-system-established",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "reduced correspondent banking reliance",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/croatian-component-of-the-target2-payment-system-established",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/target-hr",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "securities settlement access",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/target-hr",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/target-hr",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "retail clearing settlement access",
     "source": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/core-functions/payment-system/payment-systems/euroncsinst",
     "source_url": "https://www.hnb.hr/en/-/target-hr",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W13",
   "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/croatia/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech",
   "standing_position": "Croatia's fintech/payments commercial activity in the trailing 12 months centres on continued growth at Aircash and Electrocoin, HANFA's first full MiCA CASP authorisation (Electrocoin, April 2026), and a broader Croatian startup funding surge in early 2026 versus the prior year, though few large disclosed payments-specific M&A transactions were identified.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: regulatory authorisation",
     "source": "https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-first-mica-crypto-licence-electrocoin/",
     "source_url": "https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-first-mica-crypto-licence-electrocoin/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: partnership",
     "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/legal-entities/croatia/aircash-d.o.o./__id9VvBEniLG-vaYahlnCV4UbcITcgG9Kt9GNUMv_yTw",
     "source_url": "https://tracxn.com/d/legal-entities/croatia/aircash-d.o.o./__id9VvBEniLG-vaYahlnCV4UbcITcgG9Kt9GNUMv_yTw",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: aggregate funding trend",
     "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/geographies/croatia/__66GZDgE4c7mtFZeNfi38zCZ9XRuNmcpeXIZP3E01LAU",
     "source_url": "https://tracxn.com/d/geographies/croatia/__66GZDgE4c7mtFZeNfi38zCZ9XRuNmcpeXIZP3E01LAU",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "commercial_event: revenue growth",
     "source": "https://getlatka.com/companies/aircash.eu",
     "source_url": "https://tracxn.com/d/geographies/croatia/__66GZDgE4c7mtFZeNfi38zCZ9XRuNmcpeXIZP3E01LAU",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}