{
 "jurisdiction_id": "BD",
 "jurisdiction": "Bangladesh",
 "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-08-11",
 "schema_version": "world-payments-v1",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 14,
  "sourced_findings": 65,
  "source_register": 136
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "W1a",
   "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access",
   "standing_position": "Bangladesh's payment licensing regime is undergoing a foundational shift: the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2024 (passed 4 July 2024) now provides the statutory basis for licensing, replacing reliance on the older Bangladesh Payment and Settlement Systems Regulations, 2014 (BPSSR-2014). Bangladesh Bank's Payment Systems Department (PSD) remains sole licensing authority, operating a two-phase NOC-then-licence process across three main tracks: bank-led MFS (Bangladesh Mobile Financial Services (MFS) Regulations, 2022), non-bank PSP/PSO licences, and (from August 2025) a revised Digital Bank regime. A draft Regulations for E-Money Issuers would open e-money issuance to non-bank entities for the first time, breaking the historic bank-led monopoly, but remains in consultation and is not yet in force.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary statute",
     "source": "https://legalseba.com/bd-licenses/ultimate-guide-to-fintech-licensing-in-bangladesh-mfs-digital-bank-psp-pso/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bb.org.bd/en/index.php/financialactivity/paysystems",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary regulation",
     "source": "https://www.bb.org.bd/mediaroom/circulars/psd/feb152022psd04e.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://legalseba.com/bd-licenses/ultimate-guide-to-fintech-licensing-in-bangladesh-mfs-digital-bank-psp-pso/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary regulation",
     "source": "https://www.bb.org.bd/en/index.php/financialactivity/paysystems",
     "source_url": "https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/banking/bb-unveils-draft-rules-open-digital-payments-non-bank-players-1279741",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "draft regulation (CAUTION: not yet in force)",
     "source": "https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/banking/bb-unveils-draft-rules-open-digital-payments-non-bank-players-1279741",
     "source_url": "https://www.bb.org.bd/mediaroom/circulars/psd/feb152022psd04e.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary regulation",
     "source": "https://lawzana.com/legal-questions/bangladesh/what-are-the-exact-regulatory-steps-and-timelines-to-obtain-a-license-for-a-mobile-financial-service-in-bangladesh-2447",
     "source_url": "https://www.bb.org.bd/mediaroom/circulars/psd/feb152022psd04e.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "draft regulation (CAUTION: not yet in force)",
     "source": "https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/visa-mastercard-may-need-register-locally-companies-4037421",
     "source_url": "https://www.bb.org.bd/mediaroom/circulars/psd/feb152022psd04e.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W1b",
   "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions",
   "standing_position": "Customer fund safeguarding for MFS/PSP operates through a bank-custody model (Trust Fund/mobile-account float held with scheduled banks) rather than a segregated-trust EMI model. Conduct oversight runs through Bangladesh Bank's Customer Interest Protection Centre (CIPC) under the Technology Risk and Digital Banking Supervision Department, with mandatory escalation stages. Enforcement of conduct standards (e.g., against misleading fee advertising) has been criticised as weak by civil-society oversight, and mandatory adoption of interoperable Bangla QR is now backed by statutory penalties.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary guideline",
     "source": "https://www.bb.org.bd/aboutus/regulationguideline/mfsguideline.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.bb.org.bd/aboutus/regulationguideline/mfsguideline.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary guideline",
     "source": "https://www.bb.org.bd/en/index.php/services/cipc_procedure",
     "source_url": "https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/banks-mfs-providers-asked-adopt-bangla-qr-june-or-face-penalties-4141576",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary circular",
     "source": "https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/banks-mfs-providers-asked-adopt-bangla-qr-june-or-face-penalties-4141576",
     "source_url": "https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/images/2025/report/mfs/Executive-Summary-Mobile-Financial-Services-Sector-En.pdf?v=1",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "civil-society oversight report",
     "source": "https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/images/2025/report/mfs/Executive-Summary-Mobile-Financial-Services-Sector-En.pdf?v=1",
     "source_url": "https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/images/2025/report/mfs/Executive-Summary-Mobile-Financial-Services-Sector-En.pdf?v=1",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary regulation (agent conduct)",
     "source": "https://accordchambers.com/insights/the-responsibilities-and-liabilities-of-mobile-financial-service-mfs-providers/",
     "source_url": "https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/images/2025/report/mfs/Executive-Summary-Mobile-Financial-Services-Sector-En.pdf?v=1",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W2",
   "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money",
   "standing_position": "Bangladesh maintains a formally restrictive stance on cryptocurrency and stablecoins: Bangladesh Bank has repeatedly stated crypto is not authorised legal tender and that FX/AML law prohibits virtual currency use, while pursuing its own e-Taka CBDC feasibility work since 2022 (pilot in 2024, stalled since). There is no licensing or legal framework for stablecoin issuance, and underground stablecoin (USDT) usage for remittances is large and growing despite the ban, creating a widening gap between the formal position and de facto market behaviour.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "FX regulation",
     "source": "https://www.disruptionbanking.com/2025/12/03/bangladeshs-crypto-boom-that-refuses-to-be-banned/",
     "source_url": "https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/402188/young-bangladeshis-turn-to-cryptocurrency-despite",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary law reference",
     "source": "https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/402188/young-bangladeshis-turn-to-cryptocurrency-despite",
     "source_url": "https://cryptoforinnovation.org/crypto-adoption-rises-in-bangladesh-despite-restrictive-stance/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "policy history",
     "source": "https://cryptoforinnovation.org/crypto-adoption-rises-in-bangladesh-despite-restrictive-stance/",
     "source_url": "https://www.ainvest.com/news/bangladesh-strict-crypto-stance-persists-underground-adoption-2504/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regulatory posture",
     "source": "https://www.ainvest.com/news/bangladesh-strict-crypto-stance-persists-underground-adoption-2504/",
     "source_url": "https://www.ainvest.com/news/bangladesh-strict-crypto-stance-persists-underground-adoption-2504/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W3",
   "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure",
   "standing_position": "Bangladesh Bank has substantially escalated operational-resilience regulation in 2025-2026, moving from the long-standing ICT Security Guideline (v4.0, 2023) to a first-ever sector-wide, technology-neutral Cybersecurity Framework, Version 1.0 (2026), mandatory for banks, NBFIs, MFS providers and PSPs/PSOs by 31 December 2026, alongside a new Guidelines on Partner Network, Version 1.0 (2026) governing interconnectivity and incident reporting. This follows active cyber-threat alerts against critical financial infrastructure in mid-2025.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary guideline",
     "source": "https://en.bd-pratidin.com/economy/2026/03/31/59838",
     "source_url": "https://en.bd-pratidin.com/economy/2026/03/31/59838",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary guideline",
     "source": "https://bankinggoln.com/bangladesh-bank-tightens-digital-network-security/",
     "source_url": "https://bankinggoln.com/bangladesh-bank-tightens-digital-network-security/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary guideline",
     "source": "https://crmsunamganj.krishibank.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/crmsunamganj.krishibank.gov.bd/notices/7126d656_3de5_4db2_9870_39d4dd614988/2024-07-11-04-50-b9f82533d8b72e18b55f682a338e117b.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://bankinggoln.com/bangladesh-bank-issues-cybersecurity-alert-over-possible-major-attack/amp/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "supervisory alert",
     "source": "https://bankinggoln.com/bangladesh-bank-issues-cybersecurity-alert-over-possible-major-attack/amp/",
     "source_url": "https://bankinggoln.com/bangladesh-bank-issues-cybersecurity-alert-over-possible-major-attack/amp/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W4",
   "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w4-scheme-network-compliance",
   "standing_position": "Bangladesh Bank directly regulates interchange and merchant discount pricing for domestic card/NPSB transactions (fixed 1.6% MDR / 1.1% IRF via PSD Circular 10/2021) and mandates use of the domestically-owned National Payment Switch Bangladesh (NPSB) and Bangla QR. A significant reform is underway to bring international card schemes (Visa, Mastercard, Amex, UnionPay) under local corporate registration and licensing via a draft PSO Regulation, 2025, aimed at capturing scheme fee income within the domestic tax net.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary circular reference",
     "source": "https://www.nsave.com/bangladesh/npsb",
     "source_url": "https://www.nsave.com/bangladesh/npsb",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "draft regulation (CAUTION: not yet in force)",
     "source": "https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/visa-mastercard-may-need-register-locally-companies-4037421",
     "source_url": "https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/visa-mastercard-may-need-register-locally-companies-4037421",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary infrastructure",
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Payment_Switch_Bangladesh",
     "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Payment_Switch_Bangladesh",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary circular",
     "source": "https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/banks-mfs-providers-asked-adopt-bangla-qr-june-or-face-penalties-4141576",
     "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Payment_Switch_Bangladesh",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W5",
   "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Bangladesh's dominant payment corridors are inbound worker remittances from the Gulf (UAE, Saudi Arabia) and other diaspora markets, channelled through banks and MFS platforms under strict rules that permit only inward MFS remittance handling (no outward transactions via MFS). Bangladesh is a launch market for Swift's new retail cross-border payments framework aimed at speeding up G20-aligned remittance delivery, while corridor costs from key Gulf markets remain above global targets.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary guideline",
     "source": "https://www.bb.org.bd/aboutus/draftguinotification/guideline/mfs_final_v9.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.bb.org.bd/aboutus/draftguinotification/guideline/mfs_final_v9.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "scheme initiative",
     "source": "https://www.theasianbanker.com/press-releases/swift-launches-retail-cross-border-payments-framework-with-25-banks-across-key-remittance-corridors",
     "source_url": "https://www.theasianbanker.com/press-releases/swift-launches-retail-cross-border-payments-framework-with-25-banks-across-key-remittance-corridors",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "corridor pricing data",
     "source": "https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/corridor/UAE/Bangladesh",
     "source_url": "https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/corridor/UAE/Bangladesh",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market data",
     "source": "https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/en/articles/research/7261",
     "source_url": "https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/corridor/UAE/Bangladesh",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W6",
   "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Bangladesh's payments industry is dominated by a bank-led MFS duopoly-plus (bKash and Nagad, with Rocket a distant third), overlaid by a growing ecosystem of PSP/PSO fintechs and an emerging digital-banking cohort following the 2025 licensing window. Governance failures at Nagad (administrator appointment, alleged large-scale e-money misappropriation) have materially reshaped market dynamics and regulatory trust, while bKash retains commercial dominance and profitability.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure",
     "source": "https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/images/2025/report/mfs/Executive-Summary-Mobile-Financial-Services-Sector-En.pdf?v=1",
     "source_url": "https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/images/2025/report/mfs/Executive-Summary-Mobile-Financial-Services-Sector-En.pdf?v=1",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market data",
     "source": "https://futurestartup.com/2025/05/06/the-state-of-mobile-financial-services-mfs-industry-in-bangladesh/",
     "source_url": "https://win-tk.org/en/technology/mfs-interoperability-bangladesh-2026-bkash-nagad-bank/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market data",
     "source": "https://en.ittefaq.com.bd/13335/bangladesh-on-the-cusp-of-a-fintech-boom-if",
     "source_url": "https://win-tk.org/en/technology/mfs-interoperability-bangladesh-2026-bkash-nagad-bank/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market/commercial dynamics",
     "source": "https://win-tk.org/en/technology/mfs-interoperability-bangladesh-2026-bkash-nagad-bank/",
     "source_url": "https://win-tk.org/en/technology/mfs-interoperability-bangladesh-2026-bkash-nagad-bank/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market projection",
     "source": "https://inspira-bd.com/bangladesh-fintech-sector-report/",
     "source_url": "https://win-tk.org/en/technology/mfs-interoperability-bangladesh-2026-bkash-nagad-bank/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W7",
   "name": "Legal & Litigation",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w7-legal-litigation",
   "standing_position": "The Nagad corruption scandal is the dominant payments-sector litigation event: Bangladesh Bank initiated legal action against Nagad's former chairman and ex-CEO along with 22 others, the Anti-Corruption Commission raided Nagad's headquarters citing evidence of large-scale irregularities, and a Supreme Court writ petition attempting to block a forensic audit was ultimately unsuccessful. Separately, Bangladesh's broader commercial-litigation and bank-resolution architecture has been reformed via the Bank Resolution Ordinance 2025 and Commercial Court Ordinance 2026.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement action",
     "source": "https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/corruption-in-bangladesh-banking-and-financial-sector-a-qualitative-and-quantitative-assessment/",
     "source_url": "https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/corruption-in-bangladesh-banking-and-financial-sector-a-qualitative-and-quantitative-assessment/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "litigation",
     "source": "https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/images/2025/report/mfs/Executive-Summary-Mobile-Financial-Services-Sector-En.pdf?v=1",
     "source_url": "https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/images/2025/report/mfs/Executive-Summary-Mobile-Financial-Services-Sector-En.pdf?v=1",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary legal reform",
     "source": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/bangladesh",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/bangladesh",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary legal reform",
     "source": "https://tahmidurrahman.com/commercial-court-ordinance-2026-in-bangladesh-what-it-changes-for-business-disputes-investors-banks-and-commercial-litigation/",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/bangladesh",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "court ruling",
     "source": "https://www.yogonet.com/international/news/2025/05/01/103299-bangladesh-high-court-directs-government-to-probe-online-gambling-ads-and-celebrity-endorsements",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/bangladesh",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W8",
   "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk",
   "standing_position": "Merchant acquiring runs through a mix of bank acquirers, MFS platforms, and licensed PSO/PSP payment aggregators (e.g., SSLCommerz, aamarpay, ekpay) operating under Bangladesh Bank-fixed pricing (1.6% MDR / 1.1% IRF for NPSB card transactions), with QR acceptance now mandated at scale (approximately 700,000 merchants) via the interoperable Bangla QR scheme and penalties for merchants misusing QR for cash-out rather than payment.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary pricing regulation",
     "source": "https://www.nsave.com/bangladesh/npsb",
     "source_url": "https://www.nsave.com/bangladesh/npsb",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "acquiring market structure",
     "source": "https://paymentscmi.com/insights/fintech-landscape-bangladesh/",
     "source_url": "https://paymentscmi.com/insights/fintech-landscape-bangladesh/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary conduct rule",
     "source": "https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/banks-mfs-providers-asked-adopt-bangla-qr-june-or-face-penalties-4141576",
     "source_url": "https://paymentscmi.com/insights/fintech-landscape-bangladesh/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W9",
   "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w9-product-innovation-market-development",
   "standing_position": "Product innovation is centred on domestic rail-building: the TakaPay national card scheme (launched June 2024) aims to reduce reliance on foreign card networks, and the November 2025 NPSB interoperability upgrade allows direct transfers across banks, MFS wallets and PSPs at fixed regulator-set fees — though rollout has been contested by the two largest MFS operators. Digital banking (2025 licensing window) and a nascent regulatory sandbox for fintech represent the next wave of innovation infrastructure.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary scheme launch",
     "source": "https://www.bb.org.bd/en/index.php/financialactivity/paysystems",
     "source_url": "https://www.bb.org.bd/en/index.php/financialactivity/paysystems",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary circular",
     "source": "https://win-tk.org/en/technology/mfs-interoperability-bangladesh-2026-bkash-nagad-bank/",
     "source_url": "https://win-tk.org/en/technology/mfs-interoperability-bangladesh-2026-bkash-nagad-bank/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary licensing regime",
     "source": "https://en.ittefaq.com.bd/13335/bangladesh-on-the-cusp-of-a-fintech-boom-if",
     "source_url": "https://en.ittefaq.com.bd/13335/bangladesh-on-the-cusp-of-a-fintech-boom-if",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "innovation infrastructure",
     "source": "https://www.ainvest.com/news/bangladesh-strict-crypto-stance-persists-underground-adoption-2504/",
     "source_url": "https://en.ittefaq.com.bd/13335/bangladesh-on-the-cusp-of-a-fintech-boom-if",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W10",
   "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud",
   "standing_position": "Consumer protection runs through Bangladesh Bank's Customer Interest Protection Centre (CIPC) and the Guidelines for Customer Services and Complaint Management, requiring escalation from provider complaint cells to CIPC with defined resolution timelines. There is no UK/PSR-style mandatory APP-fraud reimbursement regime in force; instead, consumer-fraud exposure is addressed via ad hoc awareness campaigns against a backdrop of high measured MFS fraud incidence (an estimated 9.3% of MFS users victimised) and emerging malware/social-engineering threats such as SikkahBot.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary complaint mechanism",
     "source": "https://www.bb.org.bd/en/index.php/services/cipc_procedure",
     "source_url": "https://www.bb.org.bd/en/index.php/services/cipc_procedure",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary guideline",
     "source": "https://www.bb.org.bd/aboutus/regulationguideline/ficsd/cipc_eng.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://scamwatchhq.com/bangladesh-scams-2025-the-bkash-crisis-when-mobile-banking-revolution-meets-fraud-epidemic/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "fraud incidence data",
     "source": "https://scamwatchhq.com/bangladesh-scams-2025-the-bkash-crisis-when-mobile-banking-revolution-meets-fraud-epidemic/",
     "source_url": "https://scamwatchhq.com/bangladesh-scams-2025-the-bkash-crisis-when-mobile-banking-revolution-meets-fraud-epidemic/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "consumer protection gap",
     "source": "https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/images/2025/report/mfs/Executive-Summary-Mobile-Financial-Services-Sector-En.pdf?v=1",
     "source_url": "https://scamwatchhq.com/bangladesh-scams-2025-the-bkash-crisis-when-mobile-banking-revolution-meets-fraud-epidemic/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W11",
   "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime",
   "standing_position": "Sentinel.gi position: Bangladesh's AML/CFT regime is anchored on the Money Laundering Prevention Act, 2012 (amended 2015) and Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009, enforced by the Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit (BFIU, established 2002 within Bangladesh Bank). Enforcement intensity has risen materially in the payments context following the Nagad e-money scandal and broader banking-sector corruption cases, with large-scale account freezes recorded in late 2024, even as structural weaknesses (cash dominance, hundi informal transfer systems, trade-based laundering) persist per Sentinel-monitored payments-context indicators.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "enforcement action",
     "source": "sentinel.https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/corruption-in-bangladesh-banking-and-financial-sector-a-qualitative-and-quantitative-assessment/",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Bangladesh operates under the Money Laundering Prevention Act 2012 and Anti-Terrorism Act, supervised by the Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit (BFIU) under Bangladesh Bank. Bangladesh exited the FATF ICRG monitoring process in 2014 but remains in APG enhanced follow-up on technical-compliance deficiencies, including partial compliance on virtual-asset provider (R.15) obligations. Post-2024 interim government has intensified corruption enforcement against the former ruling elite.",
     "instrument_type": "assessment",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) per-JID baseline profile — Bangladesh",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: sourcing-thinness",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-001)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Enforcement: Bangladesh Bank — Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. board of directors",
     "instrument_type": "enforcement_action",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-003)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: capacity-deficit",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-002)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Enforcement: Dhaka Special Judge's Court — Sheikh Hasina, Tulip Siddiq, Radwan Mujib Siddiq, Azmina Siddiq",
     "instrument_type": "enforcement_action",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-002)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: political-constraint",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-004)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: regulatory-failure",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-003)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W12",
   "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access",
   "standing_position": "Bangladesh's correspondent banking network is concentrated among a small number of global banks (notably Standard Chartered and Mashreq for full-service correspondent relationships, plus Wells Fargo, JPMorgan Chase, Citibank and Habib American Bank for USD clearing), creating meaningful concentration risk. De-risking has materially affected Bangladeshi banks historically, most notably HSBC's 2016 cutoff of all USD clearing services, and remains a live structural vulnerability given global de-risking trends affecting emerging-market/South Asian banks disproportionately.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "market structure",
     "source": "https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/print/correspondent-banking-relationship-bangladesh-perspective-1580743133",
     "source_url": "https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/print/correspondent-banking-relationship-bangladesh-perspective-1580743133",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "de-risking event",
     "source": "https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/print/correspondent-banking-relationship-bangladesh-perspective-1580743133",
     "source_url": "https://www.niceideas.ch/roller2/badtrash/entry/deciphering-the-bengladesh-bank-heist",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "structural trend",
     "source": "https://www.trustsphere.ai/post/the-de-risking-dilemma-balancing-correspondent-banking-access-with-financial-crime-controls",
     "source_url": "https://www.niceideas.ch/roller2/badtrash/entry/deciphering-the-bengladesh-bank-heist",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "settlement/security incident",
     "source": "https://www.niceideas.ch/roller2/badtrash/entry/deciphering-the-bengladesh-bank-heist",
     "source_url": "https://www.niceideas.ch/roller2/badtrash/entry/deciphering-the-bengladesh-bank-heist",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W13",
   "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/bangladesh/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech",
   "standing_position": "Trailing-12-month commercial activity in Bangladesh payments is dominated by a wave of new PSP/PSO licence grants, the Digital Bank licensing window, and the resolution of major interoperability licensing disputes (Nagad), alongside an active but still-early seed-funding environment shifting from consumer MFS apps toward payments/compliance infrastructure plays.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "licensing/commercial event",
     "source": "https://legalseba.com/bd-licenses/ultimate-guide-to-fintech-licensing-in-bangladesh-mfs-digital-bank-psp-pso/",
     "source_url": "https://legalseba.com/bd-licenses/ultimate-guide-to-fintech-licensing-in-bangladesh-mfs-digital-bank-psp-pso/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regulatory/commercial event",
     "source": "https://legalseba.com/bd-licenses/ultimate-guide-to-fintech-licensing-in-bangladesh-mfs-digital-bank-psp-pso/",
     "source_url": "https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/banking/bb-gives-licence-nagad-interoperable-payment-system-1311696",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "licensing event",
     "source": "https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/banking/bb-gives-licence-nagad-interoperable-payment-system-1311696",
     "source_url": "https://www.theasianbanker.com/press-releases/swift-launches-retail-cross-border-payments-framework-with-25-banks-across-key-remittance-corridors",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "scheme/commercial event",
     "source": "https://www.theasianbanker.com/press-releases/swift-launches-retail-cross-border-payments-framework-with-25-banks-across-key-remittance-corridors",
     "source_url": "https://editorialge.com/dhaka-fintech-seed-funding/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "investment trend",
     "source": "https://editorialge.com/dhaka-fintech-seed-funding/",
     "source_url": "https://editorialge.com/dhaka-fintech-seed-funding/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}